To investigate the effects of the mechanical trauma to the round window, a model electrode inserted into the scala tympani on the cochlear reserve, and the efficacy of topical steroids in preventing hearing loss.
 
  21 male Wistar Albino rats were equally categorized into three groups. In all groups an initial mechanical injury to round window was created. Only subsequent dexamethasone injection was administrated into the cochlea in the subjects of group 2 while a multichannel cochlear implant guide inserted into the cochlea prior to dexamethasone administration for group 3. Distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) were obtained prior to and immediately after the surgical injury, eventually on postoperative seventh day (d 7). Mean signal/noise ratios (S/Ns) obtained at 2000, 3000, and 4000 Hz were calculated. Data sets were compared with non-parametric statistical tests.
 
  The early intraoperative mean S/Ns were significantly less than preoperative measurements for group 1 and 2; however, preoperatiochlear implant electrode and surgery for the chronic otitis media.A 74-year-old Japanese woman with a 1-year history of right preauricular pain and a 2-month history of bleeding from the right ear was admitted to our department. Tumor was observed in the anterior wall in the right external auditory canal. Bony swelling of the right preauricular area was palpated. Computed tomography revealed an ill-defined, osteogenic tumor around the mandibular condyle with a destructive bony lesion involving the temporal bone. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a 2.0 × 1.5 × 1.3-cm solid tumor around the mandibular condyle, exhibiting a low-intensity signal on T1-weighted imaging and an isointense central area surrounded by low-signal intensity on T2-weighted imaging. Histological examination of biopsy specimens revealed diffuse-type tenosynovial giant cell tumor (D-TGCT). After the feeding arteries for the tumor were embolized, the patient underwent surgery with combined temporal craniotomy and mandibular condylectomy. The soft and cystic tumor with calcification located in the extradural space was totally resected along with the mandibular condyle. No facial paralysis or recurrence was evident as of 6 months postoperatively. To date, only 23 cases of D-TGCT arising in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) with ear involvement have been reported since 2011. We report successful resection of a rare case of D-TGCT arising in the TMJ.Cochlear implants improve the quality of life of patients with bilateral severe sensorineural hearing loss. Normally, patients with cochlear implants can continue to use the devices for years without any complications. However, equipment failure or infection at the implant site could develop in some patients, and this might often necessitate implant replacement. Although cochlear implant replacement surgery itself is not a major risk in most cases, extensive tissue resection will be required in cases involving infection, and the insertion site of the temporal bone implant will need to be changed. We encountered a case of skin necrosis at the temporal bone implant site caused by constant external irritation from the temple of an eyeglass frame. The patient underwent cochlear implant replacement surgery involving full-thickness skin grafting from the abdomen. Thereafter, the patient's condition improved. Full-thickness skin grafting can be useful in cases of extensive skin defects encountered during cochlear implant replacement.
  Computed tomography (CT) is the preferred noninvasive method for the evaluation of osteitis in chronic sinusitis. Some scholars believe that the bone changes associated with chronic sinusitis always show high attenuation (high density) and are positively correlated with the severity of the disease. However, sinus bone remodeling is a complex process that may cause high or low attenuation. There have been few reports on the spread of osteitis.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Carboplatin.html  Therefore, additional research on sinus CT is necessary.
 
  To observe bony changes in chronic maxillary sinusitis (CMS) by CT and reveal the mechanism.
 
  A retrospective study was conducted in 45 patients with unilateral CMS with bony changes in the sinus walls. The patients' clinical data and CT results were analyzed and compared between the affected and normal sides. We propose the location, involvement, attenuation, and thickness method to evaluate CMS with osteitis.
 
  Of the 45 patients, 40 (88.9%), 2, 12, and 7 had posterior external, medial, anterior, and superiony changes may occur in the maxillary sinus walls and spread to adjacent bones. Both increased and decreased attenuation may occur in these circumstances. Analyzing the CT features of bone changes in unilateral CMS can improve the accuracy of disease diagnosis.In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic (between 26 March and 2 April 2020), we analysed (n = 1144) the social representations of the coronavirus and the differentiated perceptions according to the origins attributed to the appearance of the virus (Human vs Non-Human and Intentional vs Unintentional) in a French population. The results show that the social representation is organized around five potentially central descriptive, anxiety-provoking and globally negative elements. But death and contagion are the only stable and structuring elements. The other elements vary according to the reason attributed to the object of fear. Depending on how individuals attribute the origin of the virus, social representations of it vary not only in terms of their content but also in terms of their structure. These results indicate how important it is to consider the perceptions that individuals share about the human (vs non-human) and intentional (vs unintentional) origin of an object of fear in the analysis of their representation of that object.Global literature is ever-growing and physicians rely on it for evidence-based decision making. Review articles summarize available literature and provide the current state of knowledge on a given topic. Various review types exist, the main ones being narrative and systematic reviews. The former are based on studies selected in an undefined manner. They express the authors' opinions of a given topic, lack a systematic search, and are prone to bias. By contrast, the latter represent an unbiased synthesis of knowledge on a particular topic and attempt to offer all relevant evidence. A systematic review may include a meta-analysis, which combines the results of quantitative studies using statistical techniques to provide a more precise summary of the evidence. With a dramatic increase in literature complexity, new "next-generation" types of reviews emerged to improve the quality of evidence synthesis network meta-analysis, umbrella review, and meta-analysis of individual patient data, among others. Finally, scoping reviews are a special type, conducted as precursors to systematic reviews aiming to reveal specific knowledge gaps in a given subject.