Furthermore, these two genes are expressed higher in the testis and ovary of domesticated silkworm compared to wild silkworms, and correlations between their expression pattern and meiosis of the sperm and ova were observed.
 
  The domestication of silkworm has induced artificial selection on epigenetic modification markers that may have led to phenotypic changes during domestication. We present a novel perspective to understand the genetic basis underlying animal domestication and breeding.
 The domestication of silkworm has induced artificial selection on epigenetic modification markers that may have led to phenotypic changes during domestication. We present a novel perspective to understand the genetic basis underlying animal domestication and breeding.
  Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) is one of the most common bacteria that causes lung infection in hospital. The aim of our study is to explore the role and action mechanism of NK cells in lung PA infection.
 
  In this present study, 2.5 × 10
  CFU/mouse PA was injected into murine trachea to make lung PA infection mouse model. Anti-asialo GM1 was used to inhibit NK cell. The percentage of NK cells was ensured by flow cytometry, and the M1- and M2-polarized macrophages were determined by flow cytometry, qRT-PCR, and ELISA assay. Besides, H&E staining was performed to ensure the pathological changes in lung tissues. Transmission electron microscopy and western blot were carried out to identify the exosome.
 
  Here, in the mouse model of PA lung infection,NK cell depletion caused M2 polarization of lung macrophage, and exacerbated PA-induced lung injury. Next, our data shown that M2 macrophage polarization was enhanced when the generation of NK cell-derived exosome was blocked in the co-culture system of NK cells and macrophages.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ugt8-in-1.html  Subsequently, we demonstrated that NK cells promoted M1 macrophage polarization both in PA-infected macrophage and the mouse model of PA lung infection, and attenuated lung injury through exosome.
 
  Overall, our data proved that NK cell may improve PA-induced lung injury through promoting M1 lung macrophage polarization by secreting exosome. Our results provide a new idea for the treatment of PA lung infection.
 Overall, our data proved that NK cell may improve PA-induced lung injury through promoting M1 lung macrophage polarization by secreting exosome. Our results provide a new idea for the treatment of PA lung infection.Background Despite technology incorporation to percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), residual stone fragments (RSFs) may still persist after PCNL and need to be addressed to avoid regrowth or ureteral obstruction. The objective of this study was to compare the outcomes of retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) to extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) for treating patients with RSFs after a previous standard PCNL. Materials and Methods Adult patients with RSF after a standard PCNL submitted to RIRS or SWL in our Institution from January 2017 to January 2020 were retrospectively studied. Stone-free rate (SFR) was evaluated on postoperative day (POD) 90 by noncontrast CT (NCCT) or ultrasound and kidney, ureter, and bladder radiograph (KUB) for each renal unit. Surgical complications based on Clavien-Dindo classification during the 90 days of follow-up were recorded. Sample size was calculated for a power of 80% and a significance level of 0.05, assuming SFR of 20% for SWL and 50% for RIRS. Results Thirty-three patients treated by SWL were compared with 36 patients treated by RIRS. Hospitalization time was longer in the RIRS group (4.18 vs 12.33 hours, p = 0.001). SFR and success rate were lower in SWL than RIRS group (24.2% vs 58.3%, p = 0.007 and 30.3% vs 72.2%, p = 0.004, respectively), using POD 90 NCCT in 81.8% and ultrasound and KUB in 18.2% of the SWL group and using POD 90 NCCT in 100% of the RIRS group. Minor complications (Clavien-Dindo less then III) occurred in 11 of 36 (30.6%) patients submitted to RIRS and in 2 of 33 (6.1%) patients submitted to SWL group (p = 0.025). Two patients (6.1%) of the SWL group had Clavien-Dindo IIIb complication owing to Steinstrasse and were submitted to ureteroscopy. Emergency room visits were similar between groups (6.1% vs 8.3%, p = 1.0). Conclusions RIRS has better SFR, higher minor complications, and lower major complications than SWL for the treatment of RSFs after standard PCNL.Educators are increasingly invited to present via webinars rather than in-person. Webinars offer multiple advantages over in-person presentations, including the ability to speak to participants across a wide geographic area and the possibility of reduced financial and time costs for the webinar organizer, speakers, and participants. To capitalize on these advantages, educators need strategies to present effectively using this medium. Here we provide 12 tips for effective webinar presentations based upon best practices identified in the literature and the authors' experience organizing educational webinars. The 12 tips are (1) Learn webinar logistics, (2) Conduct a needs assessment, (3) Write specific learning objectives, (4) Attend a webinar, (5) Create clear, engaging slides, (6) Develop interactive learning activities, (7) Familiarize yourself with the technology, (8) Practice your presentation, (9) Be organized, prepared, and energetic, (10) Evaluate participant learning, (11) Learn from feedback, and (12) Share your experience with the organizer. We hope these tips help presenters improve the quality and effectiveness of their webinars.A diagnosis of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is typically based upon patient medical history, clinical exam and imaging tests. Elevated plasma levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), ubiquitin c-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1) and neurofilament light chain (NF-L) have been observed in numerous studies of TBI patients. It is reasonable to view traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) as a focal form of TBI. The purpose of this study was to assess if circulating GFAP, UCH-L1, and NF-L are also elevated in a porcine model of TON. Serum levels of GFAP, UCH-L1, and NF-L were measured immediately before optic nerve crush and one hour post-injury in ten Yucatan minipigs. Severity of optic nerve crush was confirmed by visual inspection of the optic nerve at time of injury, loss of visual function as measured by flash visual evoked potential (fVEP) at 7 and 14 days and histological analysis of axonal transport of cholera toxin-β (CT-β) within the optic nerve. Post-crush concentrations of GFAP, UCH-L1, and NF-L were all significantly elevated compared to pre-crush concentrations (p less then 0.