BACKGROUND Men's age at first birth may negatively or positively affect alcohol-related morbidity and mortality, although little evidence is available. METHODS We used register data of over 22,000 brothers to analyze the associations between age at first birth and alcohol-related morbidity and mortality from the age of 35 until the age of 60 or 72. We employed conventional Cox models and inter-sibling models, which allowed adjustment for unobserved social and genetic characteristics shared by brothers. RESULTS The findings show that men's age at first birth was inversely associated with alcohol-related morbidity and mortality, independent of unobserved characteristics shared by brothers and of observed demographic confounders. Men who had their first child late at 35-45 years experienced lower alcohol-related morbidity and mortality (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.57, 95 % confidence interval (CI) = 0.43, 0.75) than men who had their first child at 25-29. Men who had their first child before age 20 had the highest morbidity and mortality among all fathers (HR = 1.36, 95 % CI = 1.09, 1.69), followed by men who had their child at 20-24 (HR = 1.12, 95 % CI = 1.00, 1.25). CONCLUSIONS The results imply that the inverse association between men's age at first birth and alcohol-related morbidity and mortality is not driven by familial characteristics. BACKGROUND Alcohol use, and the association between alcohol-related variables and drinking outcomes, seem to be context dependent. We employed Latent Class Analysis, a person-centered approach, to identify distinct subpopulations based on contexts of alcohol use. We also examined if the resulting classes differ in a set of alcohol-related variables that hold promise as potential targets of interventions. METHOD Argentinean college students N = 1083; 64 % women; M age = 19.73 ± 3.95) completed an online survey that assessed alcohol outcomes and related variables [motives for substance use, protective behavioral strategies (PBS) and normative perceptions of alcohol use]. RESULTS Latent Class Analysis identified a 4-classes model for drinking contexts. These classes showed differential patterns of alcohol use (both in terms of frequency and quantity) and also differed in alcohol-related variables. Alcohol use was more prevalent in contexts characterized by the presence of peers, particularly the closest friend, small same-sex or coed groups. Close to 50 % of the sample reported drinking with family members. Students with a high probability of engaging in pregaming and nightclub drinking tend to use more PBS to control how much alcohol is consumed than those who do not drink in these contexts. All the classes significantly differed in their social reasons for drinking and in the number of alcohol-related negative consequences. CONCLUSIONS Our findings revealed subpopulations of college students that are heterogeneous regarding contexts of alcohol use, patterns of use and in a number of relevant variables. These distinctive subpopulations require different targeted interventions. BACKGROUND Multiple psychopathologies feature impaired clinical insight.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/dorsomorphin-2hcl.html  Emerging evidence suggests that insight problems may similarly characterize addiction, perhaps due to aberrant functioning of self-referential brain circuitry, including the rostral anterior cingulate and ventromedial prefrontal cortices (rACC/vmPFC). We developed a new fMRI task to probe whether rACC/vmPFC abnormalities in cocaine use disorder (CUD) constitute neural correlates of readiness to change, one facet of insight. METHODS Eighteen individuals with current CUD and 15 healthy controls responded about their own need to change their drug use and eating behavior (control condition) and the need for a named acquaintance to do the same (two additional control conditions). Measures of simulated drug-choice behavior, addiction severity, and neuropsychological function were collected outside the scanner. RESULTS CUD participants perceived a greater need for behavior change than controls (as expected, given their diagnosis), but fell short of "agreeing" to a need for change; in CUD, lower perceived need correlated with higher simulated drug-choice behavior, a proxy measure of drug-seeking. During drug-related insight judgments, CUD participants had higher activation than controls in an anatomically-defined region of interest (ROI) in the medial orbitofrontal cortex, part of the rACC/vmPFC. Although not showing group differences, activation in an anatomically-defined ACC ROI correlated with insight-related task behavior (in all participants) and memory performance (in CUD). CONCLUSIONS As a group, individuals with current CUD appear to show mild insight problems and rACC/vmPFC abnormalities vis-à-vis readiness to change behavior. With replication and extension of these results, insight-related circuitry may emerge as a novel therapeutic target. V.Providing information about substances injected can reduce the negative impact of illicit drug consumption and support people who inject drugs to make informed decisions. In Australia, information about drugs injected relies largely on periodic self-report surveys. For the first time, the analysis of the residual content of used injecting equipment was conducted in a supervised injecting facility (SIF) located in Sydney, Australia. The aim was to gain a better understanding of the substances injected by clients through (1) chemical analyses of the content of used syringes; (2) comparison of these results with clients' self-reported drug use; and (3) assessing the usefulness of analysing other injecting equipment to detect substances used. During one week in February 2019, syringes and other injecting equipment were collected at the Sydney SIF. Their residual content was analysed by gas-chromatography/mass-spectrometry. Heroin was the most commonly detected substance (present in 51% of syringes), followed by methamphetamine (22%) and oxycodone (10%). In addition to the main psychoactive substance, cutting agents reported in the literature were also detected in used syringes. The main psychoactive substance identified by laboratory analysis reliably corresponded with users' self-reported drug type. Analytical confirmation of substances injected allows for the provision of better targeted harm reduction messaging based on timely and objective data. The approach used is amenable to clients and feasible in the Australian SIF context. Upscaling and wider implementation could be done through Needle and Syringe Programs, and would support the early detection of harmful substances entering drug markets and better inform harm reduction strategies.