This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Wild bearded capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus) habitually use stone hammers to crack open palm nuts and seeds on anvils. This activity requires strength, balance, and precise movement of a large stone with respect to the item placed on an anvil. We explored how well young monkeys cope with these challenges by examining their behavior and the behavior of adults while they cracked palm nuts using a stone. Using video records, we compared actions of six juvenile (2-5 years) and six adult (7+ years) wild monkeys during their first 20 strikes with one unfamiliar ellipsoid, quartzite stone (540 g), and the outcomes of these strikes. Compared with adults, juveniles cracked fewer nuts, performed a more diverse set of exploratory actions, and less frequently placed one or both hands on top of the stone on the downward motion. Adults and juveniles displayed similar low frequencies of striking with a slanted trajectory, missing the nut, and losing control over the nut or stone after striking. These findings indicate that young monkeys control the trajectory of a stone adequately but that is not sufficient to crack nuts as effectively as adults do. Compared with juveniles, adults more quickly perceive how to grip the stone efficiently, and they are able to adjust their grip dynamically during the strike. Young monkeys develop expertise in the latter aspects of cracking nuts over the course of several years of regular practice, indicating that perceptual learning about these aspects of percussion occurs slowly. Juvenile and adult humans learning to use stones to crack nuts also master these features of cracking nuts very slowly.Objective Troublesome hot flushes and night sweats (HFNS) are experienced by many women after treatment for breast cancer, impacting significantly on sleep and quality of life. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is known to be effective for the alleviation of HFNS. However, it is not known if it can effectively be delivered by specialist nurses. We investigated whether group CBT delivered by breast care nurses (BCNs) can reduce the impact of HFNS. Methods We recruited women with primary breast cancer following primary treatment with seven or more HFNS/week (including 4/10 or above on the HFNS problem rating scale), from six UK hospitals to an open, randomised, phase 3 effectiveness trial. Participants were randomised to Group CBT or usual care (UC). The primary endpoint was HFNS problem rating at 26 weeks post randomisation. Secondary outcomes included sleep, depression, anxiety and quality of life. Results Between 2017-2018, 130 participants were recruited (CBT63, control67). We found a 46% (6.9 to 3.7) reduction in the mean HFNS problem rating score from randomisation to 26 weeks in the CBT arm and a 15% (6.5 to 5.5) reduction in the UC arm (adjusted mean difference - 1.96, CI -3.68 to -0.23, P = 0.039). Secondary outcomes, including frequency of HFNS, sleep, anxiety and depression all improved significantly. Conclusion Our results suggest that specialist nurses can be trained to deliver CBT effectively to alleviate troublesome menopausal hot flushes in women following breast cancer in the NHS setting.Chronic venous ulcer (CVU) is a major cause of chronic wounds of lower extremities and presents a significant financial and resource burden to health care systems worldwide. Defects in the vasculature, matrix deposition, and re-epithelialization are the main histopathological changes believed to impede healing. Supplementation of the amino acid arginine that plays a crucial role in the interactions that occur during inflammation and wound healing was proven clinically to improve acute wound healing probably through enhancing activity of inducible arginase (AI) locally in the wounds. However, the possible mechanism of arginine action and the potential beneficial effects of AI/arginine in human chronic wounds remain unclear. In the present study, using biopsies, taken under local anesthesia, from adult patients (n = 12, mean age 55 years old) with CVUs in lower extremities, we investigated the correlation between AI distribution in CVUs and the histopathological changes, mainly proliferative and vascular changepaired healing and may provide future targets for therapeutic intervention.Background Financial loss and health risk caused by the substitution of rainbow trout for other salmonid species, have become a common issue around the world. The situation could be further exacerbated in China by the 'abused' common name of San Wen Yu (the corresponding Chinese ideogram ) for salmonids, considering the absence of a standardized naming system for seafood species. To prevent such episodes, the present study aimed to develop novel loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and PCR assays targeting the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cytb) gene for rapid identification of rainbow trout in processed fish products. Results Rainbow trout-specific primers (LAMP and PCR) were designed, and the specificity against 23 different fish species was confirmed. The minimum amount of the detectable DNA for LAMP assay reached 500 pg, up to 10-fold less than PCR assay. In addition to the agarose gel electrophoresis, naked-eye inspection of the LAMP-positive samples using SYBR Green I under daylight or ultraviolet was also validated. Finally, commercial San Wen Yu products made from rainbow trout could be accurately identified, using the newly developed LAMP and PCR assays, further cross-confirmed by the mini DNA barcoding and Neighbour-joining dendrogram. Conclusion The established LAMP and PCR assays in the present study allow a fast and accurate identification of rainbow trout in processed fish products.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/liraglutide.html  This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Background Although donor milk is increasingly fed to preterm infants, the resultant quality of growth and body composition is unknown. The aim of this pilot study was to describe the body composition of very low-birth-weight infants fed human milk in the neonatal intensive care unit and explore the association between the proportion of donor human milk intake and fat-free and fat mass deposition. Methods Body composition of 30 preterm infants fed maternal and donor human milk was measured by air displacement plethysmography. Regression models were developed to associate each parameter of body composition with the proportion of donor milk intake and other explanatory variables. Results The proportion of donor milk intake was negatively associated with body fat percentage (P = .01). Fat-free mass z-scores ranged from -4.6 to 1.11 (mean z-score of -0.95, 17th percentile). Conclusion Donor human milk intake is negatively associated with body fat percentage in this pilot study of very low-birth-weight preterm infants.