https://www.selleckchem.com/products/bms-986165.html In this review, we describe the mechanism of DHNs mediated drought stress tolerance in plants and their interaction with several phytohormones to provide an in-depth understanding of DHNs function. Autonomous diagnosis and assessment of medical emergencies are important skills to acquire for medical students. Ophthalmology features certain specialty-specific "red flag" signs and symptoms, which pose achallenge for educators in ophthalmology. To support medical students in identifying those "red flags" we developed and implemented interactive cases for our e‑learning platform. A total of seven interactive cases with key feature problems regarding potentially dangerous signs and symptoms, such as painless loss of vision or red eye were developed. Medical students were guided through acase and performed formative assessments. The interactive cases were created with e‑learning authoring software and were available on the learning management system presence of the department of ophthalmology. They were mandatory for medical students in the ophthalmology course. Students evaluated the cases after the course. The interactive cases were rated on average at 1.51 ± 0.68 (mean ± standard deviation; n = 163) on agrade scale (1 = best, 6 = worst). On aLikert scale they were perceived as helpful for individual learning at 1.60 ± 0.81 (1 = very helpful, 7 = not helpful at all; n = 164). The information provided on the cases and selection of scenarios was positively evaluated. To support students in identifying and managing ophthalmic emergencies in the context of limited time in tightly packed curricula, interactive key feature cases can be part of corresponding e‑learning resources. An integration of such cases was evaluated as desirable. To support students in identifying and managing ophthalmic emergencies in the context of limited time in tightly packed curricula, interactive key feature cases can be part of corresponding e‑