Gut microbiota of wildlife are usually exposed to and involved in degrading environmental pollutants, yet their biodegrading capacity remains largely unexplored. Here, we analyzed gut microbial profiles of a marine benthic polychaete, Nereis succinea, and elaborated the capacity of gut microbiota in degrading various organic pollutants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, phenols, and synthetic musks. High-throughput sequencing analysis revealed that the structures of microbial communities, including bacteria, fungi, and archaea, varied along the gut, manifesting distinct structural features in the fore-, mid-, and hindgut regions. Community-level physiological profiles and the capacity of gut microbiota in degrading the pollutants showed profound gut region and oxygen dependent features. In general, anaerobes were more active in degrading the pollutants, and those in the midgut presented the maximum degrading potential.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/caspofungin-acetate.html  Degradation capability of the gut microbiota was further quantitatively validated in an in vitro culture system using chlorpyrifos and malathion as representative compounds. Our results demonstrated a potential impact of gut microbiota in wildlife on the fate of organic pollutants in the ecosystem, which calls for further research on the influences of gut microbiota on biotransformation and bioaccumulation of xenobiotics in organisms.Establishing synthesis methods for a target material constitutes a grand challenge in materials research, which is compounded with use-inspired specifications on the format of the material. Solar photochemistry using thin film materials is a promising technology for which many complex materials are being proposed, and the present work describes application of combinatorial methods to explore the synthesis of predicted La-Bi-Cu oxysulfide photocathodes, in particular alloys of LaCuOS and BiCuOS. The variation in concentration of three cations and two anions in thin film materials, and crystallization thereof, is achieved by a combination of reactive sputtering and thermal processes including reactive annealing and rapid thermal processing. Composition and structural characterization establish composition-processing-structure relationships that highlight the breadth of processing conditions required for synthesis of LaCuOS and BiCuOS. The relative irreducibility of La oxides and limited diffusion indicate the need for high temperature processing, which conflicts with the temperature limits for mitigating evaporation of Bi and S. Collectively the results indicate that alloys of these phases will require reactive annealing protocols that are uniquely tailored to each composition, motivating advancement of dynamic processing capabilities to further automate discovery of synthesis routes.Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) with high transparency and stretchability are desired for invisible and adaptable energy harvesting and sensing. Hydrogel-based TENGs (H-TENG) have shown promising attributes toward flexible and transparent devices. However, the effect of hydrogel property on the triboelectric performance of H-TENG is rarely investigated. Herein, dual-network hydrogels composed of dual-cross-linked poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and sodium alginate (SA) were synthesized and used as ionic electrodes in H-TENGs. The elasticity of the hydrogel was controlled by varying the concentration of SA, and the distinct influence of hydrogel viscoelastic property on H-TENG performance was verified for the first time. By tuning the conductivity and viscoelasticity of PVA/SA hydrogel, the optimum H-TENG exhibited high transparency (over 90%) and stretchability (over 250%) and peak output voltage and current of 203.4 V and 17.6 μA, respectively. A specially designed polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) bag effectively prevents hydrogel dehydration and maintains a stable output in continuous operation. The H-TENG achieved a power density of 0.98 W/m2 on a 4.7 MΩ external resistor. The H-TENG could easily light 240 green and blue LEDs simultaneously and demonstrated capability to power small electronics, such as a digital timer and pedometer. This study provides insights into the influence of hydrogel property on H-TENG performance and gives guidance for designing and fabricating highly stretchable and transparent TENGs.For many practical applications, the most important thing is to have an improved interface between matrix and dispersed phase in a compressible aerogel having a high degree of porosity and a large surface area. Although some measure of compressibility is obtained in polymer-based aerogels with a continuous backbone through the hybridization of the stiff backbone [polyvinyltrimethoxysilane (P-VTMS), -C-C-] and flexible backbone [poly(3-glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (P-GPTMS), -C-O-C-], it seems that the extent of improvement is insignificant in terms of interface improvement, surface area increase and ordered mesoporous network. In this study, the effect of the incorporation of graphene nanoplatelets (GnPs) on aerogels made of a backbone consisting of -C-O-C- (flexible backbone) were examined in terms of structural improvement and was compared with aerogels made of a backbone consisting of -C-C- (stiff backbone). Moreover, the inorganic siloxane crosslink density between the underlying polymer chains was siloxane crosslinks was synthesized and studied. Using this strategy, the same elastic properties as those seen with the hybrid P-VTMS- and hybrid P-GPTMS-derived aerogels were imparted, while also improving the mechanical strength by up to 138 % and the surface area by up to 205 % by controlling the extent of GnP exfoliation during the sol-gel transition. This exceptional effect of GnP on the surface area improvement was shown to be of up to 2.05 fold for P-GPTMS and 2.63 fold for P-VTMS material.We report the discovery of a novel class of compounds that function as dual inhibitors of the enzymes neutral sphingomyelinase-2 (nSMase2) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Inhibition of these enzymes provides a unique strategy to suppress the propagation of tau pathology in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We describe the key SAR elements that affect relative nSMase2 and/or AChE inhibitor effects and potency, in addition to the identification of two analogs that suppress the release of tau-bearing exosomes in vitro and in vivo. Identification of these novel dual nSMase2/AChE inhibitors represents a new therapeutic approach to AD and has the potential to lead to the development of truly disease-modifying therapeutics.