Based on the measured tritium contents, a map of the spatial distribution of tritium in the room was created. The results were used to calculate the radiation dose for a person working in the room and showed no significant contribution to the approved average annual dose for workers. A committee classifier was developed for use in the application of real-time pattern recognition to gamma-ray spectra collected from airborne surveys. This technique was designed to enhance detection performance relative to that of a single linear discriminant analysis model. The approach was based on utilizing multiple classifiers to check one another through a signal averaging method. This resulted in an ability to reject random false detections while maximizing detection sensitivity. Making use of spectral preprocessing algorithms previously studied, the committee classifiers were applied to the detection of cesium-137 and cobalt-60 in spectra collected in the field during airborne surveys. Applying a z-score methodology to the classification scores allowed classifiers developed with different processing parameters to operate in the same dataspace for the purpose of classifying the target spectra. The optimized classifiers were tested over 13 diverse locations, with nine of the sites containing the respective target isotopes. Results of the committee classifiers indicated an improvement in missed and false detection performance for both radioisotopes. In addition, work was performed to confirm that several suspected false detections were actually weak target signals only visible once co-added with other similar spectra. This result suggested the committee classifier performance may have exceeded the capabilities of the visual spectral inspection on which the performance statistics were based. This paper presents a review of up-to-date advancements in detection algorithms employed in radiation monitoring for generating radiation maps of ground contamination and tracking radioactive release into the atmosphere.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/tolebrutinib-sar442168.html  Detection algorithms for true count processing, spectroscopy processing, and plume tracking are discussed in chronological order of development. Process steps of detection include height correction, solid-angle correction, background radioactivity correction, Compton continuum elimination, de-noising of gamma-radiation spectra, and recording of plume passage events. A 'citizen science' approach was evaluated as an approach to organize an extensive radon survey to be representative of the population of either single regions or a whole country. The "RadonTest" online system allowed schoolchildren to undertake and record short-term radon tests in their homes. Measurements were carried out in Israel using charcoal in miniature flacons and simple detectors with high sensitivity. Among other things, the "RadonTest" online system implements an alternative principle of building a radon map, allowing the display of radon tests more clearly than the traditional approach, while ensuring the confidentiality of test participants. Examples of public radon maps are presented, and the first test results are discussed. A scientifically based approach for the effective identification of buildings with a high radon concentration, based on the principle of radon regulation, is proposed. Phosphate rock is mined on a large scale as a source material for fertilizers and other phosphorous containing products, such as phosphoric acid and gypsum. The potential problem of high concentrations of naturally occurring radionuclides in the phosphate industry has been recognized for many years. The industry is responsible for the production of millions of tons of phosphogypsum waste, which is usually stockpiled and might impact the surrounding environment. The presented study aims to assess the natural radioactivity concentrations in raw and waste sub-products from phosphate mining and fertilizer production in South Africa and determine the potential radiological risk associated with the industry. Activity concentrations of 238U, 226Ra and 232Th in phosphate rock, phosphogypsum, tailings, fertilizer, soil and sediment were found to be similar to values reported in previous studies conducted in South Africa. Concentrations of the 232Th decay series were higher than those of the 238U series in rock and oreclear Regulator in South Africa. The obtained values of Raeq for all phosphogypsum, tailings and soil samples were less than the recommended limit of 370 Bq kg-1. The gamma index for the majority of samples was less than 0.5. The index exceeded the limit of unity only for phosphate rock and fertilizer samples, indicating some radiological risk to people living in the vicinity of the industry. The results suggested that members of the public were unlikely to receive any significant dose from the use of phosphate rocks and fertilizers, with an annual effective dose of less than 0.5 mSv.a-1. The highest external dose of 0.45 mSv a-1 is expected from phosphate rock. The suitability of use of phosphogypsum as building material was evaluated. Based on the calculated gamma index [Iγ = 0.52 ± 0.14] use of phosphogypsum as building material is permitted. Vertical and horizontal distributions are fundamental for sampling and in-situ gamma spectrum measurement strategies. The distributions of 137Cs were investigated for paved surfaces affected by the Fukusima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant accident. Additionally, the effects of the distributions on the measurement uncertainties of in-situ spectrometry were evaluated. Relaxation mass depth, representing the depth profile of 137Cs, was estimated to be less than 0.23 g cm-2. Variation in the relaxation mass depth, of 0.1-0.23 g cm-2, led to a minor error (less than 5%) in the spectral analysis of the137Cs inventory (activity per unit area, kBq m-2). The 137Cs inventory, within a 20 × 20 m square of 400 cells each measuring 1 m2, showed an uneven distribution with large variation; coefficient of variation ranged from 54 to 136% of geometric average inventory of 424 kBq m-2. Increasing the grid size decreased 137Cs inventory variation among cells, revealing the relationship between instrument field of view and the spatial uncertainty of the results of in-situ gamma spectrometry.