https://www.selleckchem.com/ subtilis were engineered by using this system. Overall, we provide effective tools for genome editing and metabolic engineering of B. subtilis cell factories to produce various biochemicals. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Cushing's disease (CD) is characterised by excess production of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by a pituitary corticotroph adenoma, which results in hypercortisolaemia. CD is extremely rare in the paediatric population, and few paediatric endocrinology centres have experience in diagnosing and treating this disease. The clinical presentation of hypercortisolaemia is variable, so proper and rapid diagnosis of CD is often challenging. The molecular pathogenesis of CD was largely unknown until recently. The latest research has revealed somatic mutations in the USP8 gene as the most common pathogenic molecular variants of this disease. Herein, we describe the current state of knowledge of paediatric CD epidemiology, molecular pathogenesis, clinical symptoms, and diagnostics.INTRODUCTION Patients with disorders/differences of sex differentiation/development (DSD) are exposed to mental and physical suffering. The aim of the study was to assess the mental state and the risk of psychological disorders in adult DSD patients in the Polish population, dependence of psychological disorders on therapeutic procedures and to identify groups of disorders which require particular psychological support. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study involved 59 patients with DSD (gonadal dysgenesis, androgen insensitivity syndrome, 5 alpha-reductase deficiency, ovotestis), and with the Y chromosome in the karyotype, aged 16-65 (mean 26), with registered female or male sex. The subjects completed the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), which is used to assess the mental state of adults. Raw results were converted into sten scores using the norms for the Polish adult population. RESULTS A high risk of psychological problems was identified in 24% of