https://www.selleckchem.com/Proteasome.html Background Membrane potential (Vmem) changes accompany important events in embryonic development and organ regeneration. Recent studies have pointed to its function as a potent regulator of cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and tissue regeneration. We have previously reported that Vmem depolarization and hyperpolarization control the osteogenic (OS) differentiation potential of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Materials and Methods In this study, we sought to understand the mechanism(s) underlying voltage regulation of hMSC differentiation. We investigated the role of calcium and phosphate ion flux in the depolarization response of OS-differentiating hMSCs, as these ions are the two major inorganic components of the bone mineral matrix and are indicative of mature osteoblast function. Results Our results suggest that inorganic phosphate levels play a larger role than calcium flux in mediating hMSC response to depolarization and that the expression of stanniocalcin 1 (STC1), a protein that regulates calcium and phosphate homeostasis in osteoblasts, is functionally required for the depolarization response during the early stages of differentiation. Conclusion Depolarization alters hMSC differentiation through a phosphate signaling pathway involving STC1. This study enriches our mechanistic understanding of hMSC response to endogenous voltage cues. Copyright 2019, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers.Background This study presents a label-free method of separating macrophages and fibroblasts, cell types critically associated with tumors. Materials and Methods Contactless dielectrophoresis (DEP) devices were used to separate fibroblasts from macrophages by selectively trapping one population. An ImageJ macro was developed to determine the percentage of each population moving or stationary at a given point in time in a video. Results At 350Vrms, 20 kHz, and 1.25 μL/min, more than 90% of fibroblasts were trapped