https://www.selleckchem.com/products/FK-506-(Tacrolimus).html The innate immune system can recall previous immunologic challenges and thus respond more effectively to subsequent unrelated challenges, a phenomenon called trained immunity. Training the innate immune system before surgery might be a potential option to prevent bone and joint infection. (1) Does the training process cause adverse effects such as fever or organ injury? (2) Does training the innate immune system confer broad-spectrum protection against bone and joint infection in a mouse model? (3) Does trained immunity remain effective for up to 8 weeks in this mouse model? After randomization and group information blinding, we trained the innate immune system of C57BL/6 mice (n = 20 for each group) by intravenously injecting them with either 0.1 mg of zymosan (a toll-like receptor 2 agonist), 0.1 mg of lipopolysaccharide (a toll-like receptor 4 agonist), or normal saline (control). For assessing the host response and possible organ injury after training and infection challenge, we monitored rectal temon in a mouse model. The protection conferred by immunity training lasted up to 8 weeks in this mouse model. The results of the current research support further study of this presurgical strategy to mitigate bone and joint infection in other large animal models. If large animal models substantiate the efficacy and safety of presurgical immunity training-based strategies, clinical trials would be then warranted to translate this strategy into clinical practice. If large animal models substantiate the efficacy and safety of presurgical immunity training-based strategies, clinical trials would be then warranted to translate this strategy into clinical practice. Recent advances in multidisciplinary treatments for various cancers have extended the survival period of patients with spinal metastases. Radiotherapy has been widely used to treat spinal metastases; nevertheless, long-term survivors sometimes undergo m