https://www.selleckchem.com/products/abt-199.html Although liposomal WLL were stable in terms of physicochemical properties, mice received Liposome-WLL did not reduce footpad swelling. The load of parasites in spleen and levels of IL-4- were also higher compared to other immunized groups. In terms of IgG isotypes, no considerable difference observed in mice received Liposome-WLL or other formulations. Liposome-WLL could be a suitable vaccine delivery system when a Th2 response is desired. Also, further studies are warranted to fully understand the role of sphingomyelin in inducing an immune response. Liposome-WLL could be a suitable vaccine delivery system when a Th2 response is desired. Also, further studies are warranted to fully understand the role of sphingomyelin in inducing an immune response. To elucidate the mechanism of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) infection and central neuronal disease and to understand the role of microglia in neuronal injuries during RSV infection. The effects of RSV and the cytokines produced by RSV-infected CHME-5 microglial cells on SY5Y neuronal cells were evaluated based on an Transwell coculture system. Five treatment groups were established in this study, including the normal control SY5Y group, RSV+SY5Y infection group, (cytokine+CHME-5)+SY5Y Transwell group, (RSV+CHME-5)+SY5Y Transwell group, and (RSV+cytokine+CHME-5)+SY5Y Transwell group. The morphological and physical alterations in SY5Y cells and their synapses were analyzed by confocal microscopy. The mRNA and protein expression levels of TLR3/RIG-I, as well as the expression of Hv1, in microglia were measured by qRT-PCR and Western blot assays. In addition, the apoptosis ratio of neuronal cells was determined by flow cytometry. RSV infection activated the protein expression of Hv1 protein in microglia ( <0.05), induced morphological changes in SY5Y cells, lengthened synapses (73.36±0.12 μm vs 38.10±0.11 μm), simultaneously activated TLR3 and RIG-I protein expression (