The position with the highest degree of eye-closure (improvement of 21.6%, p  less then  0.001) and speed (improvement of 30.4 mm/s, p  less then  0.001) was the combination of a posterior medial attachment and an inferior-posterior lateral attachment, which resulted in a near physiological closure in human cadaver. CONCLUSION Closure improved with an inferior lateral position due to increased force acting in the direction of closure. Posterior positioning increases force acting radially, towards the centre of eyelid movement. The latter directs the closure force to effectively move the eyelid around the curved globe. Presurgical infant dentofacial orthopedic treatment (PSIOT) is a process by which cleft maxillary and soft tissue segments can be moved before surgical repair of lip. One of the PSIOT approaches used is the fixed PSIOT using Latham appliances. In this article, the authors provide an overview of this approach and the step-by-step process of placing these appliances intraorally. Prospective randomized clinical studies are necessary to definitively answer concerns surrounding the long-term effects of PSIOT. This article provides an overview of epidemiology, genetics, and common orofacial features of those with craniosynostosis. Patients with craniosynostosis require several surgical procedures along with continuum of care. The earliest surgical interventions are done during the first few years of life to relieve the fused sutures. Midface advancement, limited phase of orthodontic treatment, and combined orthodontics/orthognathic surgery treatment are usually required during later years.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/salinomycin.html  This article presents several examples of cases with outcomes associated with these procedures. AIMS More efforts are required to minimise late radiation side-effects for paediatric patients. Pencil beam scanning proton beam therapy (PBS-PT) allows increased sparing of normal tissues while maintaining conformality, but is prone to dose degradation from interplay effects due to respiratory motion. We report our clinical experience of motion mitigation with volumetric rescanning (vRSC) and outcomes of children with neuroblastoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nineteen patients with high-risk (n = 16) and intermediate-risk (n = 3) neuroblastoma received PBS-PT. The median age at PBS-PT was 3.5 years (range 1.2-8.6) and the median PBS-PT dose was 21 Gy (relative biological effectiveness). Most children (89%) were treated under general anaesthesia. Seven patients (37%) underwent four-dimensional computed tomography for motion assessment and were treated with vRSC for motion mitigation. RESULTS The mean result of maximum organ motion was 2.7 mm (cranial-caudal), 1.2 mm (left-right), 1.0 mm (anterior-posterior). Four anaesthetised children (21%) showing less then 5 mm motion had four-dimensional dose calculations (4DDC) to guide the number of vRSC. The mean deterioration or improvement to the planning target volume covered by 95% of the prescribed dose compared with static three-dimensional plans were 4DDC no vRSC, -0.6%; 2 vRSC, +0.3%; 4 vRSC, +0.3%; and 8 vRSC, +0.1%. With a median follow-up of 14.9 months (range 2.7-49.0) there were no local recurrences. The 2-year overall survival was 94% and distant progression-free survival was 76%. Acute grade 2-4 toxicity was 11%. During the limited follow-up time, no late toxicities were observed. CONCLUSIONS The early outcomes of mainly high-risk patients with neuroblastoma treated with PBS-PT were excellent. With a subset of our cohort undergoing PBS-PT with vRSC we have shown that it is logistically feasible and safe. The clinical relevance of vRSC is debatable in anaesthetised children with small pre-PBS-PT motion of less then 5 mm. In view of the planned new edition of the most recent version of the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) Clinical Practice Guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of primary breast cancer published in 2015, it was decided at the ESMO Asia Meeting in November 2018, by both the ESMO and the Korean Society of Medical Oncology (KSMO), to convene a special face-to-face guidelines meeting in 2019 in Seoul. The aim was to adapt the latest ESMO 2019 guidelines to take into account the ethnic and geographical differences associated with the treatment of early breast cancer in Asian patients. These guidelines represent the consensus opinions reached by experts in the treatment of patients with early breast cancer representing the oncology societies of Korea (KSMO), China (CSCO), India (ISMPO) Japan (JSMO), Malaysia (MOS), Singapore (SSO) and Taiwan (TOS). The voting was based on scientific evidence, and was independent of both the current treatment practices, and the drug availability and reimbursement situations, in the individual participating Asian countries. OBJECTIVE To identify drug-related problems using the STOPP/START criteria of patients over 64 years polymedicated with 12 or more drugs. METHOD Descriptive cross-sectional. We analysed 172 cases randomly selected from the register of 1500 polymedicated patients of the Quality Improvement Programme for Chronic and Polymedicated Patients of the Galician Health Service for the area of Santiago in 2017. Drug-related problems and the negative results associated with medication were recorded. Treatment compliance was assessed by the Morisky-Green-Levine test. Nursing interventions were recorded based on the Programme's nursing report. Bivariate analysis of the data was performed and the association between the variables was estimated by calculating the odds ratio (OR). RESULTS The 56.4% of the patients were women. The mean age was 77.34±10.11 years. The most common problem was the likelihood of presenting adverse effects, observed in 64.1% of the patients. Women were more likely to have this problem than men (OR 1.37; 95% CI 1.06-1.78). Eighteen percent of the patients were considered non-compliant with the prescribed treatment, according to the Morisky-Green-Levine test. Of the patients, 25.6% had received health education interventions. CONCLUSIONS Nurses must periodically re-evaluate patient medication to check adherence to treatment and determine whether it is causing any type of adverse effect, as well as incorporate health education interventions in this field into their activity.