https://www.selleckchem.com/products/tpx-0005.html For the majority of the different connections (15/21), the connection strength of the StD group took an intermediate position between that of the MDD and HC groups. LIMITATIONS There is still a lack of a consistent definition of StD, and the age range of the subjects in this study was wide. Meanwhile the mechanisms and biological significance of the MBN remains to be clarified. CONCLUSIONS These results may support the hypothesis that depression is better expressed as a spectrum and that StD exists on a spectrum with MDD. V.BACKGROUND Electroencephalography (EEG) has revealed increased beta activity in patients with comorbid major depressive disorder (MDD) and anxiety symptoms. Negative emotions and high beta activity could be decreased by a high beta down-training neurofeedback (NFB) protocol. The present study utilized three objective parameters - trainability, independence, and interpretability - to validate the effects of high beta down-training sessions. METHODS EEG data were collected from 23 patients with comorbid MDD and anxiety symptoms during high beta down-training sessions. Participants received five weeks of training, two sessions per week, to down-train high beta amplitude (20-32 Hz) at EEG sites P3 and P4. Three efficacy parameters were examined by comparing pre-training and post-training EEG. RESULTS The trainability index revealed the learning curves of reduced high beta activity at P3 and P4, confirming training effects across and within sessions. The independence index revealed only beta band activity decreased. The interpretability index revealed the decreased high beta activity was positively correlated with decreased severity of depression, especially for cognitive depression. LIMITATIONS With only ten sessions in this study, it is unknown whether the NFB training caused extended and stable learning effects. Additionally, combining high beta down-training protocol with enhancing another target