.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=370473&isReview=true.
 Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12616001036404; https//www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=370473&isReview=true.
  Rates of postoperative Crohn's disease recurrence remain high, although the ability to predict this risk of recurrence remains limited. As such, we aimed to determine the association of histologic features at the time of resection with postoperative recurrence.
 
  Electronic databases were searched through February 2020 for studies that reported risk of clinical, endoscopic, or surgical postoperative recurrence in patients with positive resection margins, plexitis, or granulomas in the index specimen. Pooled risk ratios (RRs) with 95% CIs were calculated for this risk in patients with and without these histologic features.
 
  Twenty-one studies (2481 patients) assessed positive resection margins, 10 studies (808 patients) assessed plexitis, and 19 studies (1777 patients) assessed granulomas. Positive resection margins increased the risk of clinical (RR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.06-1.49; I
  = 41%) and surgical (RR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.14-3.08; I
  = 71%) recurrence, with a trend toward endoscopic recurrence (RR, 1.56; 95% CI, 0.79-3.05; I
  = 85%). Granulomas increased the risk of clinical (RR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.05-1.64; I
  = 36%) and endoscopic (RR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.00-1.87; I
  = 49%) recurrence, with a trend toward surgical recurrence (RR, 1.58; 95% CI, 0.89-2.80; I
  = 75%). Plexitis increased the risk of endoscopic recurrence (RR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.00-1.72; I
  = 20%), with a trend toward clinical recurrence (RR, 1.34; 95% CI, 0.95-1.91; I
  = 46%).
 
  Positive resection margins, granulomas, and plexitis are predictive of postoperative Crohn's disease recurrence and should be recorded at the time of index resection.
 Positive resection margins, granulomas, and plexitis are predictive of postoperative Crohn's disease recurrence and should be recorded at the time of index resection.
  Mast cells are believed to contribute to the development of eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders (EGIDs). We quantified mast cells and eosinophils in biopsy specimens from patients with EGIDs and without known esophageal or gastrointestinal disease to investigate associations between these cell types and EGID and its features.
 
  We conducted a retrospective study of patients with EGID (n= 52) and of children and adults who underwent upper endoscopy and were found to have no evidence of gastrointestinal or systemic conditions (n= 123). We re-reviewed archived gastric and duodenal biopsy specimens to quantify mast cells (by tryptase immunohistochemistry) and eosinophils. We calculated the specificity of cell count thresholds for identification of patients with EGIDs and evaluated the correlation between mast cell and eosinophil counts and clinical and endoscopic features.
 
  In the gastric biopsy specimens from patients without esophageal or gastrointestinal diseases, the mean mast cell count was 18.1 ± 7.27; P= .01).  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/nb-598.html  The mean mast cell and eosinophil counts did not correlate with symptoms or endoscopic features of EGIDs.
 
  We identified thresholds for each cell type that identified patients with EGIDs with 100% specificity. The increased numbers of mast cells and eosinophils in gastric and duodenal tissues from patients with EGIDs supports the concept that these cell types are involved in pathogenesis. However, cell counts are not associated with symptoms or endoscopic features of EGIDs.
 We identified thresholds for each cell type that identified patients with EGIDs with 100% specificity. The increased numbers of mast cells and eosinophils in gastric and duodenal tissues from patients with EGIDs supports the concept that these cell types are involved in pathogenesis. However, cell counts are not associated with symptoms or endoscopic features of EGIDs.
  Despite apparent differences between men and women in the prevalence and incidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), there are limited epidemiologic data regarding the associations of reproductive and hormone-related factors with NAFLD. We examined the associations of these factors and exogenous hormone use with NAFLD risk in African American, Japanese American, Latino, Native Hawaiian, and white women.
 
  We conducted a nested case-control study (1861 cases and 17,664 controls) in the Multiethnic Cohort Study. NAFLD cases were identified using Medicare claims data; controls were selected among participants without liver disease and individually matched to cases by birth year, ethnicity, and length of Medicare enrollment. Reproductive and hormone-related factors and covariates were obtained from the baseline questionnaire. Multivariable logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs.
 
  Later age at menarche was associated inversely with NAFLD (P
  = .01). Parity, regardless of number of children or age at first birth, was associated with increased risk of NAFLD (OR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.05-1.48). Oral contraceptive use also was linked to increased risk of NAFLD (OR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.01-1.29; duration of use P
  = .04). Compared with women with natural menopause, those with oophorectomy (OR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.18-1.68) or hysterectomy (OR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.11-1.60) had an increased risk of NAFLD. A longer duration of menopause hormone therapy (only estrogen therapy) was linked with an increasing risk of NAFLD (OR per 5 years of use, 1.08, 95% CI, 1.01-1.15).
 
  Findings from a large multiethnic study support the concept that menstrual and reproductive factors, as well as the use of exogenous hormones, are associated with the risk of NAFLD.
 Findings from a large multiethnic study support the concept that menstrual and reproductive factors, as well as the use of exogenous hormones, are associated with the risk of NAFLD.
  Old age must be considered in weighing the risks of complications vs benefits of treatment for patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). We conducted a nationally representative cohort study to estimate the independent effects of frailty on burden, costs, and causes for hospitalization in patients with IBD.
 
  We searched the Nationwide Readmissions Database to identify 47,402 patients with IBD, hospitalized from January through June 2013 and followed for readmission through December 31, 2013. Based on a validated hospital frailty risk scoring system, 15,507 patients were considered frail and 31,895 were considered non-frail at index admission. We evaluated the independent effect of frailty on longitudinal burden and costs of hospitalization, inpatient mortality, risk of readmission and surgery, and reasons for readmission.
 
  Over a median follow-up time of 10 months, adjusting for age, sex, income, comorbidity index, depression, obesity, severity, and indication for index hospitalization, frailty was independently associated with 57% higher risk of mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.