https://www.selleckchem.com/products/rg-7112.html We report on a new image gating mechanism for intracavity nonlinear image upconversion systems that uses sum-frequency mixing of an external infrared image and a pump laser beam. Fast and flexible time duration gating of the upconverted image is achieved through transient electro-optic frustration of the phase-matching condition in a nonlinear crystal placed inside the cavity of the pump beam. The phase-matching condition is controlled by altering the polarization state of the laser cavity beam without interrupting laser oscillation, using a Pockels cell in one arm of an L-folded standing-wave resonator. In this way, an external image shutter mechanism is added to an image upconverter system that allows for using low shutter-speed EMCCDs (Electron Multiplying CCD) in range-gated imaging systems across the whole IR and potentially in the THz range.The advancement of modern lighting technologies has led to many revolutions in lighting efficiency and presentation. The progression from filament bulbs, to CFL, and now LED technologies have produced a bounty of energy-efficient lighting options for design engineers and consumers. As the light-producing elements of a lighting fixture improve, the limiting factor in efficient illumination is no longer the light source, but the optical system itself. There are many characterization methods and standards for defining light for illumination in terms of color and human response. With concerns of how things like light pollution and energy requirements impact our society and the world around us, it is critical to understand how well a lighting fixture can illuminate a desired area while minimizing light lost to the environment and maximizing the total radiative intensity (radiance) of a space. This work presents two figures of merit, one for over-illumination and another for under-illumination, to characterize the optics of a lighting system based on a ray tracing methodology. Fiv