https://www.selleckchem.com/products/idf-11774.html These genes were initially identified through transcriptome sequencing. The functional characterization determined by enzymatic activity assay indicated that CsCPS could catalyze GGPP to form ent-copalyl diphosphate (ent-CPP), which was further used as the substrate by CsKS1 to produce ent-kaurene or by CsKS2 to produce 16α-hydroxy-ent-kaurane with ent-kaurene as a minor product, respectively. We demonstrated that the divergent evolution of diterpene biosynthesis in tea plants resulted from gene duplication of KSs, followed by functional divergence caused by single amino acid variation. This study would provide an insight into the diterpenoid metabolism and GA biosynthesis in tea plants to further understand leaf bud development or insect resistance and to provide a genetic basis for tea plant breeding.This Review explores the dynamic behavior of water within nanopores and biological channels in lipid bilayer membranes. We focus on molecular simulation studies, alongside selected structural and other experimental investigations. Structures of biological nanopores and channels are reviewed, emphasizing those high-resolution crystal structures, which reveal water molecules within the transmembrane pores, which can be used to aid the interpretation of simulation studies. Different levels of molecular simulations of water within nanopores are described, with a focus on molecular dynamics (MD). In particular, models of water for MD simulations are discussed in detail to provide an evaluation of their use in simulations of water in nanopores. Simulation studies of the behavior of water in idealized models of nanopores have revealed aspects of the organization and dynamics of nanoconfined water, including wetting/dewetting in narrow hydrophobic nanopores. A survey of simulation studies in a range of nonbiological ures and will aid the design of novel nanopores. Thus, our current level of understanding allows for the desig