https://www.selleckchem.com/products/cpi-0610.html These findings of microbial community and function as well as the novel pathway will be valuable in predicting natural attenuation or reconstruction of a bacterial consortium for enhanced remediation of 1,4-dioxane-contaminated sites as well as wastewater treatment.Solutions of monovalent and divalent ions, including calcium, magnesium, ammonium, and potassium, were tested in the removal of Sr and Cs from soil near a nuclear power plant. The Ca2+ and K+ solutions exhibited removal efficiencies of 68.2% and 81.3% for Sr and Cs, respectively. This high performance was probably due to the physicochemical similarities between 'Ca and Sr' and 'K and Cs'. Alternatively, the Mg2+ and NH4+ solutions performed much worse, despite having the same valences as Ca2+ and K+, respectively. Ca2+ and K+ solutions could also simultaneously remove cationic toxic metals present with the nuclides, albeit much less efficiently (30-40%). For anionic metalloid As and anionic toxic metal Cr, the efficiency was even lower ( less then 20%). The five-step sequential extraction experiment confirmed that all chemical forms of Sr and Cs, except the residual form, were extensively removed by the Ca2+ and K+ solutions, respectively. For comparison, widely used washing agents exhibited removal efficiencies of 25-30%. Notably, Fe2+ and Mn2+ ions were hardly detected in the Ca2+ solution, while their concentrations were much higher in the common washing agents, suggesting the involvement of an ion-exchange mechanism in Sr and Cs removal, rather than a Fe/Mn oxide dissolution mechanism.Lead contamination in soil has become a worldwide threat on food security and human health. To assess the Pb bioavailability and evaluate the safe use of low Pb polluted soil for food production, the speciation of Pb in 19 types of paddy soil were investigated by chemical extraction and X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES), and the uptake and accumulation charact