https://www.selleckchem.com/products/l-arginine-l-glutamate.html INTRODUCTION Sarcopenia is associated with outcomes in older-adults undergoing emergency surgery. Psoas major measurement is a surrogate marker of sarcopenia with multiple calculations existing normalising to body size and no consensus as to which is optimal. We compared three different psoas-major calculations to predict outcomes in older adults undergoing emergency laparotomy. METHODS Consecutive over 65s were identified from the National Emergency Laparotomy Audit(NELA) database at a single centre between 2014 and 2018. Psoas major was measured at the L3 level and normalised to height (psoas muscle index, PMI), L3 vertebral body (psoas muscleL3 ratio, PML3) or body surface area (psoasbody surface area, PBSA) and each correlated to outcomes. Outcome measures included inpatient, 30-day and 90-day mortality. A comparison of the three calculations was performed using the Mann-Whitney U, chi-squared, receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) and binary logistic regression. RESULTS Two hundred and sixty-fouSA, 0.781; P-POSSUM, 0.756). CONCLUSIONS Sarcopenia was present in 30.6% of older adults undergoing emergency surgery and is associated with a significantly increased mortality. PML3 is superior to PMI or PBSA and should be considered the method of calculation of choice. Additionally, PML3 compares favourably to ASA and P-POSSUM.BACKGROUND In the legal evaluation of medical treatments it is important to know which legal and contractual regulations apply. OBJECTIVE This article discusses in which context treatment errors play a role and are identified as such. MATERIAL AND METHODS Relevant German legal framework conditions are discussed and examples with reference to intravitreal injection therapy are given. RESULTS The civil law treatment contract between physician and patient results in the medical obligations of a service contract. As a consequence, the physician is obliged to provide the patient