NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? This review focuses on the elevated demand placed on the respiratory muscle during whole-body exercise induced hyperpnoea, its role in the neural modulation of cardiovascular control; at the level of both respiratory and locomotor skeletal muscle and considers the mechanisms responsible. What advances does it highlight? Recent evidence suggests there a sympathetic restraint of blood flow to locomotor muscles during near maximal exercise, the purpose may be to maintain blood pressure. It also appears that during submaximal exercise respiratory muscle blood flow may be also be reduced if a ventilatory load is high enough. Additionally, methodological advances (NIRS-ICG) have allowed the confirmation of the assumption that blood flow is diverted away from the respiratory muscles when the work of breathing is alleviated. ABSTRACT It is known that the respiratory muscles have a significant rising oxygen demand in line with hyperpnoea during whole-body endurance exercilations with respiratory disease and heart failure, where the work of breathing is remarkably high, even during submaximal efforts. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.AIM To examine whether job resources moderate the relationship between job demands and occupational strain, and whether occupational strain mediates the relationship between job demands and job satisfaction. BACKGROUND The job demand-resource model suggests that job demands and job resources are related to occupational strain, and occupational strain is associated with job satisfaction. METHODS In 2018, a cross-sectional study was conducted with a convenience sample of 85 nurses from six haemodialysis units. Linear regression with moderation-mediation analysis was conducted using SPSS software. RESULTS Under low workload levels, no association between autonomy and occupational strain existed, but under high workload levels, a negative relationship was found between autonomy and occupational strain. Under low workload levels, a negative relationship was found between social support and occupational strain, but under high workload levels, a positive relationship was found. Finally, there was no association between occupational strain and job satisfaction. CONCLUSION Job resources are moderators of the relationship between job demands and occupational strain. However, there was no significant association between occupational strain and job satisfaction. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT Nurse leaders should strengthen nurses' autonomy, which can reduce occupational strain. Additionally, sources of support are needed to help nurses cope with the workload and occupational strain. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.Organoaluminum reagents' application in catalytic C-H bond functionalization is limited by competitive side reactions, such as carboalumination and hydroalumination. Here, we demonstrate that rare-earth tetramethylaluminate complexes catalyze the exclusive C-H bond metalation of terminal alkynes with the commodity reagents trimethyl-, triethyl-, and triisobutylaluminum. Kinetic experiments probing alkyl group exchange between rare earth aluminates and trialkylaluminum, C-H bond metalation of alkynes, and catalytic conversions reveal distinct pathways of catalytic aluminations with triethylaluminum vs. trimethylaluminum. Most significantly, kinetic data point to reversible formation of a unique [Ln](AlR 4 ) 2 ·AlR 3 adduct, followed by turnover-limiting alkyne metalation. That is, C-H bond activation occurs from a more associated organometallic species, rather than the expected coordinatively unsaturated species. These mechanistic conclusions allude to a new general strategy for catalytic C-H bond alumination that make use of highly electrophilic metal catalysts. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.Plants being sessile integrate information from a variety of endogenous and external cues simultaneously to optimize growth and development. This necessitates the signaling networks in plants to be highly dynamic and flexible.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/wnt-c59-c59.html  One such network involves heterotrimeric G-proteins comprised of Gα, Gβ and Gγ subunits, which influences many aspects of growth, development and stress response pathways. In plants such as Arabidopsis, a relatively simple repertoire of G-proteins comprised of one canonical and three extra-large Gα, one Gβ and three Gγ subunits exists. Because the Gβ and Gγ proteins form obligate dimers, the phenotypes of plants lacking the sole Gβ or all Gγ genes are similar, as expected. However, the Gα proteins can exist both as monomers or in complex with Gβγ, and the details of combinatorial genetic and physiological interactions of different Gα proteins with the sole Gβ remain unexplored. To evaluate such flexible, signal-dependent interactions and their contribution towards eliciting specific response, we have generated Arabidopsis mutants lacking specific combinations of Gα and Gβ genes, performed extensive phenotypic analysis, and evaluated the results in the context of subunit usage and interaction specificity. Our data show that multiple mechanistic modes, and in some cases complex epistatic relationships exist, depending on the signal-dependent interactions between the Gα and Gβ proteins. This suggests that despite their limited numbers, the inherent flexibility of plant G-protein networks provides for the adaptability needed to survive under continuously changing environments. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Recruitment of immune cells to the kidney potentiates hypertensive pathology, but more refined methods are needed to functionally assess these cells. Adoptive transfer studies of immune cells have been limited in rat models and especially in the study of salt-sensitive hypertension. We tested the hypothesis that splenocyte transfer into T-cell deficient rats is sufficient to exacerbate salt-sensitive hypertension. What is the main finding and its importance? We demonstrate that transfer of splenocytes into T-cell deficient animals exacerbates salt sensitive hypertension, and an enrichment in the CD4+ compartment specifically induces this phenomenon. ABSTRACT Increasing evidence of immune system activation during the progression of hypertension and renal injury has led to a need for new methods to study individual cell types. Transfer of immune cells serves as a powerful tool to isolate effects of specific subsets. Transfer studies in RAG1-/- mice have demonstrated an important role of T cell activation in hypertension, but this approach has yielded limited success in rat models.