https://www.selleckchem.com/products/bi-4020.html 9 and were included in the optimized set that we used. This set was significantly better for genotyping and diagnosis of MAC than previously used 4-gene, 5-gene and 9-gene sets. MLST using our 7-gene set indicated that the rate of reinfection was 54.55% (6/11 cases). Persistent infections (n = 5 cases, 45.45%) were found. A changing of clone in the same patient was found in 1/4 (25%) of the colonization cases. Two small clusters of possible MAC transmission between humans were found. Our study demonstrated that the high frequency of apparent treatment failure of MAC might be artefactual, as a consequence of a high rate of MAC reinfection in Thai population. Our useful highly discriminative gene set for MAC species and clonal strain analysis could be further applied for the diagnosis and patient management.•This case is significant for extensive systemic vascular air emboli in the right ventricle (visually estimated at 30 ml), pulmonary artery, inferior vena cava, hepatic veins, and iliac vein, which is a rare and novel consequence of fatal basal skull fracture.•Collections of air in the right ventricle and left external iliac vein were visible on imaging prior to contrast administration, making an iatrogenic etiology unlikely. Steam inhalation therapy (SIT) is a common home remedy for the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections. Literature reports are increasingly discouraging this practice in the paediatric population due to the risk of scalds, however, this is yet to be echoed for adults. A retrospective review of patients admitted to a tertiary burns centre from 2015 to 2020 was undertaken identifying all adult patients requiring in-patient specialist treatment for scald injuries sustained during steam inhalation. Cost analysis and long-term patient outcomes were reviewed. Twelve adult patients required inpatient management with a mean length of admission of 8 nights. One patient required operative interve