A 0.95 °C increase in air temperature and a 0.85 m decrease in the SD between 1987 and 2018 corresponded to a decrease in the TD. Therefore, decreasing TD would weaken the top-down control on phytoplankton by moving phytoplankton far from zooplankton. Future decreasing TDs under climate warming may decouple crustacean grazing pressure on phytoplankton, which may further deteriorate the water quality.Microplastic ingestion in invertebrates reduces somatic and reproductive growth. This could be caused by energy reserves being detracted from growth processes and redistributed to maintenance processes that preserve life. A potential sink for this diverted energy is the antioxidant system, which minimises oxidative damage and reinstates redox homeostasis following disturbances caused by exposure to pollution. Several microplastic studies have used genetic and molecular redox biomarkers to assess how microplastic ingestion affects the functioning of the antioxidant system. This systematic review synthesises the current understanding of redox biomarker responses in invertebrates that have ingested microplastics. We found that biomarker response information exists for only seven invertebrate taxa, and early life stages have received little scientific attention. The microplastics used by most studies were polystyrene (45% of studies), spherical (51% of studies), and were less then 10 μm in diameter (31% of studies). We found multiple examples of microplastic ingestion posing an oxidative challenge to invertebrates, which required upregulation of antioxidant system components. However, the lack of systematic experiments prevented us from clearly identifying which characteristic of microplastics caused these responses. We identify several areas for consideration when investigating biomarker responses to microplastic ingestion and offer research priorities for future studies.Objective To assess the effect of hormonal contraceptive use over the risk of suicide. Method Systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies retrieved from five search engines until September 2019, comparing the use of any hormonal contraceptive versus non-hormonal contraceptive use or no use. Primary outcome was consumed suicide, and secondary outcomes were suicidal attempt and ideation. Random effects meta-analyses with the inverse variance method were used to evaluate the effects of exposure over outcomes. Effect was calculated as risk ratio (RR) with their corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI). Risk of bias was assessed with the Newcastle-Otawa Scale. Results There were no randomized controlled trials concerning suicide and hormonal contraceptive use. Only three cohort studies (n = 184,721 women), that evaluated the primary outcome (consumed suicide), were included in the meta-analysis. Hormonal contraceptive use was associated to a higher risk of consumed suicide (RR = 1.36, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.75, P = 0.015, I2 = 0%). There were no secondary outcomes in at least two cohorts. Conclusion This meta-analysis found a positive association between hormonal contraceptive use and consumed suicides. Prior to their use, populations at suicidal risk should be properly evaluated.Background Domestic and intimate partner violence (DV) are under-reported causes of injury. We describe the health care utilization of DV patients, hypothesizing they are at increased risk of mortality. Methods We queried the 2014 Nationwide Emergency Department Sample for adult patients (18 y and older) with a primary diagnosis of trauma. DV was abstracted using International Statistical Classification of Diseases, ninth Revision codes for partner or spouse intimate violence, abuse, or neglect. The primary outcome was mortality; secondary outcomes included admission rates and charges. Results Among 14 million trauma patients, 654,356 (5.0%) had a diagnosis of DV. Compared with other trauma patients, DV patients were younger (34.6 versus 46.8 y, P less then 0.001), more often male (69.5% versus 50.1%, P less then 0.001), and more likely to be uninsured (31.5% versus 15.6%, P less then 0.001). 9154 (1.4%) were injured because of intimate partner violence, of which 90.2% were female. Drug and alcohol abuse (22.2%), anxiety (1.8%), and depression (1.3%) were high among all DV trauma patients. DV emergency department charges were higher ($4462 versus $2,871, P less then 0.001). In adjusted analyses, DV trauma patients had 2.1 higher odds of mortality (aOR 2.31, P less then 0.001). DV trauma patients were also associated with a $1516 increase in emergency department charges compared with non-DV trauma patients (95% CI $1489-$1,542, P less then 0.001). Conclusions Injuries related to all types of DV are emerging as a public health crisis among both genders. To mitigate under-reporting, it is important to identify at-risk patients and provide them with appropriate resources.Purpose To determine the association between the presence of cilioretinal arteries and the macular vasculature in highly myopic eyes using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Design Retrospective, observational case series. Participants 481 highly myopic eyes of 481 patients. Methods Fundus photographs were reviewed to determine the presence of a cilioretinal artery and its distribution, based on whether its path or visible branches reached the region within 500 μm of the foveal center. The macular vasculature was analyzed in OCTA images, including the vessel density (VD), fractal dimension (FD), and foveal avascular zone (FAZ). The associations between the presence of a cilioretinal artery and its distribution, and the macular vasculature and visual acuity were evaluated. Main outcome measures Cilioretinal arteries, macular vasculature, and their associations.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/epacadostat-incb024360.html  Results Of the eyes included, 17.05% (82/481) had a cilioretinal artery. Based on the OCTA analysis, the eyes with cilioretinal arteries showed significantly higher VD and FD in both superficial and deep capillary plexuses and smaller FAZ than those without (all P 30 mm. Eyes with cilioretinal arteries that reached the central foveal area showed significantly higher VD and FD in both capillary plexuses and smaller FAZ than those that did not (all P less then 0.05). Better best-corrected visual acuity was identified in the eyes with cilioretinal arteries than in those without (0.09 ± 0.14 vs 0.21 ± 0.27, respectively; P less then 0.001). In particular, eyes with cilioretinal arteries that reached the central foveal area had better visual acuity than those without (0.05 ± 0.06 vs 0.16 ± 0.20, respectively; P = 0.005). Conclusions This OCTA-based study suggested that cilioretinal arteries in highly myopic eyes might potentially improve the macular vasculature and influence the visual function.