https://www.selleckchem.com/products/17-AAG(Geldanamycin).html Extracellular electrophysiology and two-photon calcium imaging are widely used methods for measuring physiological activity with single-cell resolution across large populations of cortical neurons. While each of these two modalities has distinct advantages and disadvantages, neither provides complete, unbiased information about the underlying neural population. Here, we compare evoked responses in visual cortex recorded in awake mice under highly standardized conditions using either imaging of genetically expressed GCaMP6f or electrophysiology with silicon probes. Across all stimulus conditions tested, we observe a larger fraction of responsive neurons in electrophysiology and higher stimulus selectivity in calcium imaging, which was partially reconciled by applying a spikes-to-calcium forward model to the electrophysiology data. However, the forward model could only reconcile differences in responsiveness when restricted to neurons with low contamination and an event rate above a minimum threshold. This work established how the biases of these two modalities impact functional metrics that are fundamental for characterizing sensory-evoked responses. Obstructive sleep apnea is prevalent among military members despite fewer traditional risk factors. We sought to determine the incidence and longitudinal predictors of obstructive sleep apnea in a large population of survivors of combat-related traumatic injury and a matched control group. Retrospective cohort study of military service members deployed to conflict zones from 2002-2016 with longitudinal follow-up in the Veterans Affairs and Military Health Systems. Two cohorts of service members were developed (1) those who sustained combat injuries and (2) matched, non-injured participants. 17,570 service members were retrospectively analyzed for a median of 8.4 years. After adjustment, traumatic brain injury (HR 1.39, 95% CI 1.20-1.60), posttraumatic stress