https://www.selleckchem.com/Bcl-2.html 48, 0.66]. Similar overall effects were observed for both educational attainment and intelligence on AD risk in the univariable MR analysis; with each SD increase in years of schooling and intelligence, odds of AD were, on average, 37% (95% CI 23-49%) and 35% (95% CI 25-43%) lower, respectively. There was little evidence from the multivariable MR analysis that educational attainment affected AD risk once intelligence was taken into account (OR = 1.15, 95% CI 0.68-1.93), but intelligence affected AD risk independently of educational attainment to a similar magnitude observed in the univariate analysis (OR = 0.69, 95% CI 0.44-0.88). CONCLUSIONS There is robust evidence for an independent, causal effect of intelligence in lowering AD risk. The causal effect of educational attainment on AD risk is likely to be mediated by intelligence. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Epidemiological Association.BACKGROUND Drug-resistant TB is a serious public health problem in India. Pre-existing resistance to fluoroquinolones (FQs) and second-line injectable drugs (SLIDs) in strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) resistant to rifampicin (RIF) and/or isoniazid (INH) contributes to treatment failures and consequent transmission of drug-resistant TB. A baseline assessment of resistance of MTB to FQs and SLIDs may help guide policies to further improve management of drug-resistant TB in India. This study aims to determine the prevalence of resistance to FQs and SLIDs among MTB strains having RIF and/or INH resistance in central India. METHOD A total of 1032 smear positive sputum samples were subjected to line probe assay (GenoType MTBDRsl version 2) to test for resistance to FQs and SLIDs, according to the integrated diagnostic algorithm of the revised national TB control programme. RESULTS Of 1032 samples, 92 (8.91%) were not interpretable and hence excluded, 295 (31.38%) were resistant t