The hippocampus is affected by tau pathology early in Alzheimer's disease (AD) development. Accurate quantification of hippocampal tau signal using the tau-PET tracer 
  F-flortaucipir is complicated, however, by off-target binding in the adjacent choroid plexus. We here present a new method for compensating for this off-target choroid plexus signal.
 
  As off-target binding in the choroid plexus is known to be higher using 
  F-flortaucipir compared to 
  F-RO948, we created a binary hippocampal mask in template space where 
  F-flortaucipir signal was higher than 
  F-RO948, using data from 30 patients that underwent both 
  F-flortaucipir and 
  F-RO948 PET. This mask, presumably representing hippocampal voxels affected by off-target binding from the choroid plexus, was then converted to native space and applied as an exclusion mask to 145 patients across the AD-spectrum scanned with 
  F-flortaucipir. As an alternative approach exclusion masks were generated by expanding the choroid plexus ROI in native space. Rof true hippocampal retention using 
  F-flortaucipir PET. Using a mask to correct for this off-target signal, we improved the diagnostic accuracy of 
  F-flortaucipir in the hippocampus and the correlation between 
  F-flortaucipir hippocampal SUVR and cognitive measures.
 Choroid plexus off-target binding interferes with the estimation of true hippocampal retention using 18F-flortaucipir PET. Using a mask to correct for this off-target signal, we improved the diagnostic accuracy of 18F-flortaucipir in the hippocampus and the correlation between 18F-flortaucipir hippocampal SUVR and cognitive measures.Visuospatial processing is a cognitive function that is critical to navigating one's surroundings and begins to develop during infancy. Extensive research has examined visuospatial processing in adults, but far less work has investigated how visuospatial processing and the underlying neurophysiology changes from childhood to early adolescence, which is a critical period of human development that is marked by the onset of puberty. In the current study, we examined behavioral performance and the oscillatory dynamics serving visuospatial processing using magnetoencephalography (MEG) in a cohort of 70 children and young adolescents aged 8-15 years. All participants performed a visuospatial processing task during MEG, and the resulting oscillatory responses were imaged using a beamformer and probed for developmental and sex-related differences. Our findings indicated that reaction time on the task was negatively correlated with age, and that the amplitude of theta oscillations in the medial occipital cortices increased with age. Significant sex-by-age interactions were also detected, with female participants exhibiting increased theta oscillatory activity in the right prefrontal cortex with increasing age, while male participants exhibited theta increases in the left parietal lobe/left precuneus and left supplementary motor area with increasing age. These data indicate that different nodes of the visuospatial processing network develop earlier in males compared to females (and vice versa) in this age range, which may have major implications for the developmental trajectory of behavioral performance and executive function more generally during the transition through puberty.Postherpetic Neuralgia (PHN), develops after the resolution of the herpes zoster mucocutaneous eruption, is a debilitating chronic pain. However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the underlying mechanisms associated with ascending and descending pain modulations in PHN patients. Here, we combined psychophysics with structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques to investigate the brain alternations in PHN patients.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/PD-98059.html  Psychophysical tests showed that compared with healthy controls, PHN patients had increased state and trait anxiety and depression. Structural MRI data indicated that PHN patients had significantly smaller gray matter volumes of the thalamus and amygdala than healthy controls, and the thalamus volume was negatively correlated with pain intensity (assessed using the Short-form of the McGill pain questionnaire) in PHN patients. When the thalamus and periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) were used as the seeds, resting-state functional MRI data revealed abnormal patterns of functional connectivity within ascending and descending pain pathways in PHN patients, e.g., increased functional connectivity between the thalamus and somatosensory cortices and decreased functional connectivity between the PAG and frontal cortices. In addition, subjective ratings of both Present Pain Index (PPI) and Beck-Depression Inventory (BDI) were negatively correlated with the strength of functional connectivity between the PAG and primary somatosensory cortex (SI), and importantly, the effect of BDI on PPI was mediated by the PAG-SI functional connectivity. Overall, our results provided evidence suggesting deficits in ascending and descending pain modulation pathways, which were highly associated with the intensity of chronic pain and its emotional comorbidities in PHN patients. Therefore, our study deepened our understanding of the pathogenesis of PHN, which would be helpful in determining the optimized treatment for the patients.Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) are two related diseases which can be difficult to distinguish. There is no objective biomarker which can reliably differentiate between them. The synergistic combination of electrophysiological and neuroimaging approaches is a powerful method for interrogation of functional brain networks in vivo. We recorded bilateral local field potentials (LFPs) from the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM) and the internal globus pallidus (GPi) with simultaneous cortical magnetoencephalography (MEG) in six PDD and five DLB patients undergoing surgery for deep brain stimulation (DBS) to look for differences in underlying resting-state network pathophysiology. In both patient groups we observed spectral peaks in the theta (2-8 Hz) band in both the NBM and the GPi. Furthermore, both the NBM and the GPi exhibited similar spatial and spectral patterns of coupling with the cortex in the two disease states. Specifically, we report two distinct coherent networks between the NBM/GPi and cortical regions (1) a theta band (2-8 Hz) network linking the NBM/GPi to temporal cortical regions, and (2) a beta band (13-22 Hz) network coupling the NBM/GPi to sensorimotor areas.