PURPOSE Natural growth and maturation cause hemoglobin mass (Hbmass) and blood volume (BV) to increase during childhood and adolescence. Whether endurance training during the same period can cause further increases in these variables is not clear. Also, body composition develops differently in girls and boys during puberty, and the effect of these differences on hematological variables has not previously been studied. METHODS Forty-two endurance athletes (End-group; 24 boys) and 34 athletes from other sports (nonEnd-group; 23 boys) were tested at age 12, 13 and 15 for Hbmass, BV, plasma volume (PV), red cell volume (RCV), hematological variables and anthropometrics. RESULTS At age 12, Hbmass and BV showed no difference between sexes or training groups in absolute values or relative to fat-free mass (FFM). Relative to FFM, Hbmass and BV averaged 11.7 (0.8) g·kg and 95 (6.8) ml· kg. Increases in FFM from age 12 - 15 primarily determined the increased Hbmass and BV for both sexes with no differences between training groups. At age 15, Hbmass relative to FFM was higher in boys than girls (13.1 (0.8) g·kg and 12.1 (0.9) g· kg; p less then 0.001) while BV relative to FFM was not significantly different between sexes or training groups at any ages (averaged 100 (6.7) ml· kg at age 15). Relative to FFM, PV was higher in the End-group at all ages and RCV was, on average, lower and increased less compared with nonEnd-group. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that increases in Hbmass during puberty are mainly associated with increased FFM and independent of sex or volume of endurance training.However, the FFM-relative PV was higher and FFM-relative RCV was lower in the End-group compared to the nonEnd-group.INTRODUCTION Regional heterogeneity of the human heart plays an important role in left (LV) and right (RV) ventricular function, and may contribute to enhanced myocardial efficiency in the athlete's heart. PURPOSE This study comprehensively characterized regional and transmural myocardial tissue deformation (strain) in recreationally active and endurance trained men to determine if regional non-uniformity evolves alongside morphological adaptations associated with endurance training. METHODS Echocardiography was used to measure LV and RV global, regional (apical, mid, basal) and transmural (endocardial, epicardial) longitudinal strain in 30 endurance-trained (ET; age 31±2yr; BMI 23.1±0.5kg/m; VO2peak 60.2±6.5mL/kg/min) and 30 recreational-active men (RA; age 29±2yr; BMI 23.4±0.4kg/m; VO2peak 42.6±4.6mL/kg/min). Non-uniformity was characterized using apex-to-base and transmural (endocardial-to-epicardial) strain gradients. RESULTS Global longitudinal strain was similar in ET and RA in the left (-17.4±0.4 vs -1t the myocardium and in response to endurance exercise training.OBJECTIVES Predictions estimate supplies of filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) would be limited in the event of a severe influenza pandemic. Ultraviolet decontamination and reuse (UVDR) is a potential approach to mitigate an FFR shortage. A field study sought to understand healthcare workers' perspectives and potential logistics issues related to implementation of UVDR methods for FFRs in hospitals. METHODS Data were collected at three hospitals using a structured guide to conduct 19 individual interviews, 103 focus group interviews, and 285 individual surveys. Data were then evaluated using thematic analysis to reveal key themes. RESULTS Data revealed noteworthy variation in FFR use across the sample, along with preferences and requirements for the use of UVDR, unit design, and FFR reuse. Based on a scale of 1 (low) to 10 (high), the mean perception of safety in a high mortality pandemic wearing no FFR was 1.25 of 10, wearing an FFR for an extended period without decontamination was 4.20 of 10, and using UVDR was 7.72 of 10. CONCLUSIONS In addition to technical design and development, preparation and training will be essential to successful implementation of a UVDR program. Ultraviolet decontamination and reuse program design and implementation must account for actual clinical practice, compliance with regulations, and practical financial considerations to be successfully adopted so that it can mitigate potential FFR shortages in a pandemic.OBJECTIVES Adverse drug events (ADEs) are a major public health issue in hospitals. They are difficult to detect because of incomplete or unavailable medication history. In this study, we aimed to assess the rate and characteristics of ADEs identified by pharmacists in an emergency department (ED) to identify factors associated with ADEs. METHODS In this prospective observational study, we included consecutive adult patients presenting to the ED of a French 2600-bed tertiary care university hospital from November 2011 to April 2015. Clinical pharmacists conducted structured interviews and collected the medication history to detect ADEs (i.e., injuries resulting directly or indirectly from adverse drug reactions and noncompliance to medication prescriptions). Unsure ADE cases were reviewed by an expert committee. Relations between patient characteristics, type of ED visit, and ADE risk were analyzed using logistic regression. RESULTS Among the 8275 included patients, 1299 (15.7%) presented to the ED with an ADE. The major ADE symptoms were bleeding, endocrine problems, and neurologic disorders. Moreover, ADEs led to the ED visit, hospitalization, and death in 87%, 49.3%, and 2.2% of cases, respectively. Adverse drug event risk was independently associated with male sex, ED visit for neurological symptoms, visit to the ED critical care unit, or ED short stay hospitalization unit, use of blood, anti-infective, antineoplastic, and immunomodulating drugs. CONCLUSIONS This study improves the knowledge about ADE characteristics and on the patients at risk of ADE. This could help ED teams to better identify and manage ADEs and to improve treatment quality and safety.OBJECTIVES Capnography has established benefit during intubation and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Implementation within emergency departments (EDs) has lagged. We sought to address barriers to improve documented capnography use for patients requiring intubation or CPR. METHODS A controlled before- and after-implementation study was performed in 2 urban EDs. The control site had an existing policy for capnography use.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/protosappanin-b.html  Interventions for the experimental site included a 5-minute informational video, placement of capnography monitors with a shortened warm-up period in all resuscitation rooms, laminated reminder cards, and feedback during staff meetings. Staff members were surveyed about knowledge before and after the intervention. Records were reviewed for documented capnography use for 3 months before and 6 months after the intervention. Change in documented use at the experimental site was compared with the control site. RESULTS At the experimental site, 118 providers participated and 190 records were reviewed; 544 records were reviewed from the control site.