https://www.selleckchem.com/products/crt0066101-dihydrochloride.html These results elucidate the evolution of the earliest eukaryotic TRs, linking the common origin of TRs across Diaphoretickes, and underlying evolutionary transitions in telomere repeats.DNA methylation is a common epigenetic mark that influences transcriptional regulation, and therefore cellular phenotype, across all domains of life. In particular, both orphan methyltransferases and those from phasevariable restriction modification systems (RMSs) have been co-opted to regulate virulence epigenetically in many bacteria. We now show that three distinct non-phasevariable Type I RMSs in Escherichia coli have no measurable impact on gene expression, in vivo virulence, or any of 1190 in vitro growth phenotypes. We demonstrated this using both Type I RMS knockout mutants as well as heterologous installation of Type I RMSs into two E. coli strains. These data provide three clear and currently rare examples of restriction modification systems that have no impact on their host organism's gene regulation. This leads to the possibility that other such nonregulatory methylation systems may exist, broadening our view of the potential role that RMSs may play in bacterial evolution. Weight gain during adulthood increases cardiometabolic disease risk, possibly through adipocyte hypertrophy. We aimed to study the specific metabolomic profile of adult weight gain, and to examine its association with adipocyte volume. Nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics were measured in the Netherlands Epidemiology of Obesity (NEO) study (n=6 347, discovery) and Oxford Biobank (n=6 317, replication). Adult weight gain was calculated as the absolute difference between BMI at middle age and recalled BMI at age 20. We performed linear regression analyses with both exposures BMI at age 20 years and weight gain, and separately with BMI at middle age in relation to 149 serum metabolomic measures, adjusted for age, sex and multiple