A moderate effect of PENS alone (SMD -0.71, 95%CI -1.23 to -0.19) on pain when compared to other interventions was observed. The inclusion of PENS with other interventions had a moderate effect for decreasing pain at short- (SMD -0.70, 95%CI -1.02 to -0.37) and mid-term (SMD -0.68, 95%CI -1.10 to -0.27). No effect at mid-term (SMD -0.21, 95%CI -0.52 to 0.10) on related-disability was seen. The risk of bias was generally low; but the heterogenicity of the results downgraded the level of evidence. CONCLUSION There is low level of evidence suggesting the effects of PENS alone or in combination for pain, but not related-disability, in musculoskeletal pain. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) contributes to 50% of cases of cirrhosis worldwide (1). Despite this burden of disease, the resources devoted to either research into or treatment of ALD have lagged compared to liver diseases from other etiologies (2, 3). Progress has been hampered by the isolation of addiction medical services from Internal Medicine, Family Medicine and Gastroenterology-Hepatology. As a result, around the world, ALD is recognized late in its course, even in specialist centers (4). Furthermore, the majority of patients with a new diagnosis of ALD report prior interactions with healthcare providers over their lifetime, when opportunities for screening for alcohol use disorder (AUD), and detecting ALD at an early stage were missed (5). Recent guidelines into the management of ALD have highlighted the need for better communication between practitioners in addiction, and those in general and specialized medicine and surgery (2, 3). This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.OBJECTIVE HHV 8-related lymphoproliferative disorders are a complex and heterogeneous group of entities and some of them are still eminently diagnosed by cytopathology. In a routine lab, these lesions accounted for less than 1% of the effusion fluids samples. However, they may represent around 30% of all the lymphoma diagnosis from effusion cytological samples and their consideration in the diagnostic flow chart is mandatory, especially in HIV-positive patients. METHODS The paper analyzes a retrospective series of cytological specimens from cavities effusions (N = 605). Five HHV8-related lymphoproliferative processes were recruited. A combination of morphological criteria (enhanced with MGG staining), cell block-based immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry is required for the final characterization. RESULTS The identification of malignant cells may be insidious. Some specimens are particularly rich, easily leading to suspect a lymphoproliferative process, whereas in the other cases the presence of abundant reactive mesothelial cells, histiocytes, neutrophils, small reactive T and B lymphocytes may obscure the neoplastic process. The biological behaviour may be very heterogeneous and a standardized therapy for these cases is still lacking, although some patients may benefit from the antiretroviral therapy in HIV-setting. CONCLUSIONS The present case series highlights some emblematic findings of these entities to reaffirm useful cytopathological diagnostic criteria, stressing the crucial role of the appropriate technical processing of effusion fluids to obtain the best performances. This article is protected by copyright.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/alantolactone.html  All rights reserved.There are currently many different approaches to performing exergames and there is still no consensus as to whether exergames are able to reduce anxiety levels, as well as whether exergames provide greater reductions on anxiety levels when added to traditional forms of clinical interventions. Therefore, the aim of the present systematic review and meta-analysis was to access data from studies that evaluated the effects of exergames on anxiety levels in humans. PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane databases were searched up to 22 February 2019. Inclusion criteria were acute and chronic (short-term and long-term interventions) studies which evaluated the effects of exergames in anxiety levels as primary or secondary aim. Of the 1342 studies found, 17 and 10 were included in qualitative analyses and meta-analyses, respectively. The within-group analysis found that exergames (standardized mean difference [SMD]-0.57 [95% Confidence interval (CI)-0.86 to -0.28], p less then 0.001) and usual care (SMD-0.21 [95%CI-0.34 to -0.08], p=0.002) resulted in significant improvements on anxiety levels. However, the between-group meta-analysis on the effects of control interventions versus exergames (SMD0.02 [95%CI-0.55 to 0.60], p=0.939) found no significant difference between groups in anxiety levels reductions. There was also no significant difference (SMD-0.04 [95%CI-0.32 to 0.25], p=0.805) between usual care versus exergames plus usual care interventions in anxiety levels reductions. Although exergames demonstrated within-group improvements in anxiety levels across different clinical populations, it was not greater than the effects from non-exercise interventions. Also, given the paucity of studies, small sample sizes, different research designs, and different population investigated, the existing evidence is insufficient to support the advantages of usual care supplemented by exergame intervention over usual care standalone in anxiety levels reduction. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.The reproductive success of many insects is considered to be limited by two main factors the availability of mature eggs to lay (termed egg limitation) and the time to locate suitable hosts (termed time limitation). High host density in the environment is likely to enhance oviposition opportunities, thereby selecting for higher investment in egg supply. In contrast, a shortage of food (e.g. sugar sources) is likely to increase the risk of time limitation, thereby selecting for higher allocation to initial energy reserves. To our knowledge, the combined effect of host and food availability on these optimal life-history allocations has never been investigated. We thus modelled their simultaneous effects on a three-dimensional trade-off between initial investment in energy reserves, egg number and egg size, while focusing on insect parasitoids. The model was based on Monte Carlo simulations coupled with genetic algorithms, in order to identify the optimal life-history traits of a single simulated parasitoid female in an environment in which both hosts and food are present in varying densities.