Pathological synapse loss might be attributed to increased microglial phagocytic activity and cell density, and P188 prevented P + M-induced phagocytic state changes of microglia, such as increase in cell body size and decrease in process length, and upregulated microglia abundance in hippocampus. Consistently, P188 attenuated P + M-mediated increased mRNA levels of microglia proliferation related CSF1r and CSF2ra, microglial engulfment associated CD68, ICAM1, and ICAM2, and pro-inflammatory IL-6, IL-1β, CD11b, and TNF-α in hippocampus. Together, these findings suggest that the biocompatible polymer P188 blunts microglia activation which may promote synaptic loss and exacerbate cognitive function in a mouse model of PD-MCI. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a public health crisis due debilitating cognitive symptoms and lack of curative treatments, in the context of increasing prevalence. Thus, it is critical to identify modifiable risk factors. High levels of meat consumption may increase AD risk. Many toxins are formed during meat cooking such as heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs). Our prior studies have shown that HAAs produce dopaminergic neurotoxicity. Given the mechanistic and pathological overlap between AD and dopaminergic disorders we investigated whether exposure to 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4,5-b] pyridine (PhIP), a prevalent dietary HAA formed during high-temperature meat cooking, may produce AD-relevant neurotoxicity. Here, C57BL/6 mice were treated with 100 or 200 mg/kg PhIP for 8 h or 75 mg/kg for 4 weeks and 16 weeks. PhIP exposure for 8 h produced oxidative damage, and AD-relevant alterations in hippocampal synaptic proteins, Amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP), and β-Site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1). PhIP exposure for 4 weeks resulted in an increase in BACE1. PhIP exposure for 16 weeks resulted in increased hippocampal oxidative damage, APP, BACE1, Aβ aggregation, and tau phosphorylation. Quantification of intracellular nitrotyrosine revealed oxidative damage in cholinergic neurons after 8 h, 4 weeks and 16 weeks of PhIP exposure.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/gf109203x.html  Our study demonstrates that increase in oxidative damage, APP and BACE1 might be a possible mechanism by which PhIP promotes Aβ aggregation. Given many patients with AD or PD exhibit neuropathological overlap, our study suggests that HAA exposure should be further studied for roles in mediating pathogenic overlap. V.Serological cross-reactions represent a serious problem in some currently available tests to diagnose Besnoitia infections in many species including cattle, caribou and donkeys. False-positive results are due to the low positive-predictive value (PPV) of these serological tests for besnoitiosis. These tests therefore have clear limitations if large herds are screened in areas with low prevalence, since increased numbers of false-positive reactions require confirmatory testing by alternative serological methods, e.g. immunoblotting, which are time-consuming and create extra costs. To overcome this problem, we aimed to develop a highly sensitive and specific competitive ELISA (cELISA) using a panel of 12 monoclonal antibodies raised against the tachyzoite stage of Besnoitia besnoiti. A cELISA set up with one of these antibodies (Bb-cELISA1) was screened with a large panel of B. besnoiti-positive bovine sera to estimate the diagnostic sensitivity of the test. Sera from herds with Neospora caninum- or Sarcocystisnoitiosis and for studies on the epidemiology of Besnoitia infections in a variety of host species, including naturally exposed wildlife and experimental hosts. BACKGROUND Engaging youth in the activities of health organizations is imperative to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The International Pharmaceutical Federation Young Pharmacists Group (FIP YPG) was formally launched in 2001 to increase the engagement of young pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists. Additionally, FIP YPG was set up to foster their potential for leadership within the various Sections and Special Interest Groups of FIP in the areas of pharmacy practice, pharmaceutical sciences and pharmacy education. With the new ONE FIP strategy, achieving the goal of advancing pharmacy together as ONE organization, FIP and FIP YPG looked into the needs and expectations of its members to achieve synergy and amplify outcomes. OBJECTIVES FIP YPG carried out a needs-assessment survey to explore the needs and expectations of its members in order to better align FIP's goals and its members' needs. METHODS An online survey was conducted between 1 May 2019 and 2 June 2019 of the members of FIP YP collaboration projects' (45.57%). 'Exploration of opportunities and incentives for implementing new professional services' was found to be the preferred topic for research survey (33.54%). CONCLUSION FIP YPG members' needs were descriptively analyzed for the purpose of better alignment of the organization's goals with members' goals. Networking, collaborations, career and leadership development and effective communication, among other aspects, were found to be the main interests of the members surveyed. The survey findings have been employed in the development of strategic plans for FIP YPG members and how FIP YPG can be an effective launching platform for the future roles in FIP. BACKGROUND High-tension glaucoma (HTG) is associated with functional changes in the brain, and elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is one of the major causes. PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of high IOP on the brain in patients with HTG by using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-six patients with HTG and 20 age- and gender-matched healthy controls (HCs) were recruited and underwent IOP examination and rs-fMRI scan. Voxel-wise functional connectivity (FC) values were obtained between the Brodmann Area (BA) 17 (primary visual cortex) and the rest of the brain, two-sample t test was performed between HTG group and HCs. Correlation analysis was performed between FC and clinical information. RESULTS Compared with HCs, HTG patients demonstrated decreased FC between BA 17 and the right precuneus gyrus, decreased FC between BA 17 and the right superior frontal gyrus (SFG) (GRF corrected at voxel level P less then 0.001 and cluster level P less then 0.05, two-tailed).