https://www.selleckchem.com/products/vvd-214.html In the last years, our interpretation of the origin and function of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuropeptide superfamily has changed substantially. A main driver for these conceptual changes came from increased investigations into functions and evolutionary lineage of previously identified molluscan GnRH molecules. Emerging evidence suggests not only reproductive, but also diverse biological effects of these molecules and proposes they should most likely be called corazonin (CRZ). Clearly, a more global understanding requires further exploration of species-specific functions and structure of invGnRH/CRZ peptides. Towards this goal, we have identified the full-length cDNA of invGnRH/CRZ peptide in an invertebrate model species, the great pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis, termed ly-GnRH/CRZ, and characterized the transcript and peptide distribution in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral organs. Our results are consistent with previous data that molluscan GnRHs are more related to CRZs and serve diverse functions. Hence, our findings support the notion that peptides originally termed molluscan GnRH are multifunctional modulators and that nomenclature change should be taken into consideration.Volumetric muscle loss injury is a common health problem with long-term disabilities. One common treatment is using muscle flaps from donor site, which has limited potentials due to donor site availability and morbidity. Although several stem cell therapies have been evaluated so far, most suffer from limited availability, immune incompatibility, or differentiation potential. Therefore, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have a great promise for this purpose due to their unique differentiation, self-renewal, and immunocompatibility. Current study was designed to determine therapeutic potential of human iPSCs (hiPSCs) in a mouse model of volumetric muscle loss. Muscles were subjected to excision to generate