9%) had eGFR less then 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Of the 116 patients with follow-up beyond one year, 30 (26%) had CKD. Overall 26 to 28% of patients went on to develop CKD depending on the duration of follow-up. Only very few (1.16%) patients progressed to ESRD. This is the largest follow-up study so far on snake bite-related AKI and provides further evidence that snake bite-associated AKI causes CKD on long-term follow-up. Older age, diabetes, severe AKI, and inadequate anti-snake venom administration were risk factors for the development of CKD on follow-up.Organ donation currently is an extremely important issue in public health. Proper information about the details of this topic is extremely important, but is not yet widespread among the public. This study was carried out with the aim to determine the level of knowledge about organ donation among medical students in Paraguay and associated socio-academic factors influencing their level of knowledge. This was an analytical cross-sectional study, based on a multicenter survey among university medical students. About 68.7% (235) of the respondents were preclinical students doing basic sciences. Two aspects were evaluated, the knowledge regarding the donation of the organs and the socio-academic factors, then both the aspects were evaluated through bivariate and multivariate analyses. There were 342 respondents with a median age of 22 years (interquartile range 20-23 years) of which 263 (77%) were women. One hundred and eighty-eight (55%) reported not knowing the law that protects and regulates the activities of organ and tissue donation in Paraguay. In the multivariate analysis, the highest frequency of a good level of knowledge of organ donation occurred in those who were older [RPA 1.07, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02-1.12, P = 0.007] and in two of the universities evaluated (both with values P less then 0.012). On the contrary, those who were preclinical students, in general, had a lower level of knowledge of organ donation (RPa 0.61, 95% CI 0.46-0.79; value P less then 0.001). Our findings denote relatively a poor knowledge of organ donation in some socio-academic subsets. Therefore, it is important to develop strategies to increase the knowledge about the subject, by creating opportunities by way of discussions and debates among the students at all academic levels and also by conducting academic conferences on the subject.Immunosuppressive therapy is the backbone to renal transplantation. Although an adequate level of immunosuppression is required to dampen the immune response to the allograft, the level of chronic immunosuppression is slowly decreased over time (as the risk of acute rejection decreases) to help lower the overall risk of infection and malignancy. Several studies have discussed the clinical use of therapeutic drug monitoring of mycophenolic acid (MPA) in kidney transplant recipients. This prospective single-center study included 88 patients with end-stage renal disease who were transplanted in Mansoura Urology and Nephrology Center from living related donors, from the beginning of February 2016 to the end of December 2016. Eight patients were excluded, the remaining 80 patients were divided into two groups; the study group (40 patients) who were followed up using therapeutic trough level monitoring of MPA and, control group (40 patients) who were followed up using the fixed-dose of Mycophenolate according to out of recipients in the control group died with functioning graft after one year of follow-up (P = 0.04). There were insignificant differences as regarding patient and graft survival. The decrease in the dose of MPA reduced the annual cost by around six thousand US dollars. Our results suggest that adopting therapeutic dose monitoring strategy during follow-up of kidney transplant recipients is adequate. Longer-term studies with a larger sample size may be needed to support this policy.The study aimed to compare paclitaxel-coated balloons (PCB) to percutaneous transluminal plain balloon angioplasty (PTA) in the management of dysfunctional arteriovenous fistulae. This single institution randomized controlled trial was approved by the institutional and local review boards and is registered in the ClinicalTrials.gov website. The study was initially designed to recruit a total of 92 patients. However, recruitment was terminated after the release of the meta-analysis that raised concerns about the potential increased risk of death associated with PCB. A total of 23 patients with nonthrombosed dysfunctional fistulae (mean age 67 years, 12 females) were recruited (PCB = 12) from October 2017 to September 2018. The fistulae were radiocephalic (n = 5), brachiocephalic (n = 12), brachiobasilic (n = 6), and seven immature fistulae.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/bx-795.html  After a 2-min predilatation of the target lesions, patients were randomized to receive an additional 2-min of angioplasty with either a plain balloon or PCB (Lutonix). The ention. No mortality was recorded in the PCB group during the study period.Studies have reported high prevalence of inappropriate dosing in patients with renal impairment, which was significantly reduced with pharmacists' interventions. The objective of this study was to assess the proportions of renal drug dosing errors following the implementation of pharmacists-led renal drug dosing adjustment program. This was a quasi-experimental study conducted at the King Abdul Aziz Medical City, a tertiary teaching hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The study comprised of 3 phases. The pre-phase and post-phase evaluated drug orders for dosing appropriateness. During the intervention phase, a renal drug dosing adjustment program was implemented, which included educational sessions on dosing in renal insufficiency and a renal drug dosing guidance. The primary outcome was to assess the change in the proportions of dosing errors following the intervention. In the pre-phase, inappropriate dosing was noted in 20.1% (70/348) of orders that required dosing adjustment. Among the total dosing errors, 44.2% (31/70) were further corrected, and pharmacists have documented intervention in 48.3% (15/31) of the corrected orders. In the post-phase, inappropriate dosing was noted in 21.9% (76/346) of orders that required dosing adjustment. Among the total dosing errors, 39.4% (30/76) were further corrected, and pharmacists have documented intervention in 66.6% (20/30) of the corrected orders. There was no statistically significant difference in inappropriate drug dosing between pre-phase and post-phase with a P = 0.56. The intervention was not associated with significant reduction in renal dosing errors, although pharmacist involvement in the corrected orders orders increased after the implementation of the intervention. This may indicate the need to integrate renal dosing guidance into the hospital prescribing system to optimize drug dosing in renal patients.