https://www.selleckchem.com/ Individuals with more risk episodes had lower composite cognitive function ( < 0.001), psychomotor speed ( < 0.001), and executive function ( = 0.007). All these associations were independent of sociodemographic status and cardiovascular risk factors. In this population-based longitudinal study, we show that episodes of decline in kidney function over the young-adulthood course are associated with worse cognitive performance at midlife. Preserving kidney function in young age needs to be investigated as a potential strategy to preserve cognitive function in midlife. In this population-based longitudinal study, we show that episodes of decline in kidney function over the young-adulthood course are associated with worse cognitive performance at midlife. Preserving kidney function in young age needs to be investigated as a potential strategy to preserve cognitive function in midlife. To determine the cognitive consequences of anticholinergic medications (aCH) in cognitively normal older adults as well as interactive effects of genetic and CSF Alzheimer disease (AD) risk factors. A total of 688 cognitively normal participants from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative were evaluated (mean age 73.5 years, 49.6% female). Cox regression examined risk of progression to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) over a 10-year period and linear mixed effects models examined 3-year rates of decline in memory, executive function, and language as a function of aCH. Interactions with ε4 genotype and CSF biomarker evidence of AD pathology were also assessed. aCH+ participants had increased risk of progression to MCI (hazard ratio [HR] 1.47, = 0.02), and there was a significant aCH × AD risk interaction such that aCH+/ε4+ individuals showed greater than 2-fold increased risk (HR 2.69, < 0.001) for incident MCI relative to aCH-/ε4-), while aCH+/CSF+) individuals demonstrated greater than 4-fold (HR 4.89, < 0.001) increased risk relative to aCH-/CSF-. Lin