https://www.selleckchem.com/products/sch-442416.html Recent work has shown that chemical release during the fundamental cellular process of exocytosis in model cell lines is not all-or-none. We tested this theory for vesicular release from single pancreatic beta cells. The vesicles in these cells release insulin, but also serotonin, which is detectible with amperometric methods. Traditionally, it is assumed that exocytosis in beta cells is all-or-none. Here, we use a multidisciplinary approach involving nanoscale amperometric chemical methods to explore the chemical nature of insulin exocytosis. We amperometrically quantified the number of serotonin molecules stored inside of individual nanoscale vesicles (39 317±1611) in the cell cytoplasm before exocytosis and the number of serotonin molecules released from single cells (13 310±1127) for each stimulated exocytosis event. Thus, beta cells release only one-third of their granule content, clearly supporting partial release in this system. We discuss these observations in the context of type-2 diabetes. Notorious for its unpredictable nature, Multiple sclerosis (MS) can have a profound impact on all areas of a person's life, as well as the lives of their family. The aim of this qualitative study was to develop an in-depth understanding of the experiences of individuals living with MS and its impact upon the family system from the perspective of the person with M. Qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interviews conducted with 14 people living with MS (pwMS). Interviews lasted for approx. 1hr, were digitally recorded and transcribed verbatim. Anonymized data were then analysed using thematic analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006, Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3, 77). The themes identified within participant narratives reflected the turbulent emotions experienced by pwMS after diagnosis and the impact upon their family. Three key themes were identified with six subthemes. The central themes were feeling