7 µg/g), followed by the apple by-product (128.0 µg/g of by-product), which showed higher amounts of rosmarinic and chlorogenic acids. These industrial by-products have great potential as a source of natural antioxidants to be used directly as food additives or to be incorporated in packaging to produce active food packaging.In this study, we compared the metabolic properties of the Asian staples rice and noodles, which are typically high in glycaemic index (GI), to two types of spaghetti. It is hypothesised that pasta can be a healthy replacement, particularly amongst the Asian population. Thirty Chinese and Indian subjects (17 men, 13 women; BMI 18.5-25 kg/m2) participated in this randomised crossover trial. On seven occasions, they consumed a glucose reference drink (3 times), white rice, wheat-based mee pok noodles, semolina spaghetti and wholegrain spaghetti. Blood samples were taken to measure glucose and insulin response over a period of 3 h. The current evaluation showed that semolina spaghetti and wholegrain spaghetti can be classified as low GI products, with a GI of 53 and 54, respectively, significantly lower than wheat based mee pok noodles (74) and rice (80) (p less then 0.005). In addition, both spaghettis had a lower insulin response compared to rice (p less then 0.05). Furthermore, there was no difference in glucose or insulin response between semolina and wholegrain spaghetti. After controlling for gender, ethnicity, fat and fat free mass (kg), the glucose and insulin results did not change. In conclusion, wheat-based pasta can be helpful to modify the carbohydrate-rich Asian diet. Notably, there was no effect of gender, ethnicity and body composition on the glycaemic and insulinaemic response. We speculate that the starch-protein structure as a result of the spaghetti production process is a major driver of its favourable metabolic properties.Citrus huanglongbing (HLB) is a destructive disease caused by Candidatus Liberibacter species and is a serious global concern for the citrus industry. To date, there is no established strategy for control of this disease. Previously, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens GJ1 was screened as the biocontrol agent against HLB. In this study, two-year-old citrus infected by Ca. L. asiaticus were treated with B. amyloliquefaciens GJ1 solution via root irrigation. In these plants, after seven irrigation treatments, the results indicated that the photosynthetic parameters, chlorophyll content, resistance-associated enzyme content and the expression of defense-related genes were significantly higher than for the plants treated with the same volume water. The content of starch and soluble sugar were significantly lower, compared to the control treatment. The parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) results revealed that treatment with B. amyloliquefaciens GJ1 solution, the expression levels of 3 proteins with photosynthetic function were upregulated in citrus leaves. The accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in citrus leaves treated with B. amyloliquefaciens GJ1 flag22 was significantly higher than untreated plants and induced the defense-related gene expression in citrus. Finally, surfactin was identified from the fermentation broth of B. amyloliquefaciens GJ1 by high-performance liquid chromatography. These results indicate that B. amyloliquefaciens GJ1 may improve the immunity of citrus by increasing the photosynthesis and enhancing the expression of the resistance-related genes.Surveillance of injury patterns and comparisons among different age groups help develop a better understanding of recent injury trends and early prevention. This study conducted a national surveillance of injury by age group. Data were collected retrospectively from Emergency Department-Based Injury In-Depth Surveillance (EDIIS) in South Korea, between January 2011 and December 2017. Patients were divided into the following four groups by age Group 1-18 to 34 years, Group 2-35 to 49 years, Group 3-50 to 64 years, and Group 4-≥65 years.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/pf429242.html  A total of 1,221,746 patients were included in the study. Findings revealed that, each year, the injury rate increased in the population aged ≥65 years. The place and mechanism of injury in Group 3 were similar to those in younger age groups, while injury outcomes and injured body parts were similar to those in Group 4. Further, hospital admission rate, ICU admission rate, hospital death, traumatic brain injury, and injury severity increased with an increase in age. In our study, each age group showed diverse characteristics pertaining to the mechanism, place, time, and outcomes of injuries. Interestingly, Group 3, which represented the late middle age, exhibited increased vulnerability to injury, and emerged as a gray zone between the young and old age groups. Therefore, different injury prevention methods are needed for each age group. Specifically, early prevention methods need to be implemented from the late middle age to improve the old age group's injury outcomes.Microsatellite instability (MSI) is a molecular phenotype due to a deficient DNA mismatch repair (dMMR). In colorectal cancer (CRC), dMMR/MSI is associated with several clinical and histopathological features, influences prognosis, and is a predictive factor of response to therapy. In daily practice, dMMR/MSI profiles are identified by immunohistochemistry and/or multiplex PCR. The Thomsen-Friedenreich (TF) antigen was previously found to be a potential single marker to identify MSI-high gastric cancers. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to disclose a possible association between TF expression and MSI status in CRC. Furthermore, we evaluated the relationship between TF expression and other clinicopathological features, including patient survival. We evaluated the expression of the TF antigen in a cohort of 25 MSI-high and 71 microsatellite stable (MSS) CRCs. No association was observed between the expression of the TF antigen and MSI-high status in CRC. The survival analysis revealed that patients with MSI-high CRC showed improved survival when the TF antigen was expressed. This finding holds promise as it indicates the potential use of the TF antigen as a biomarker of better prognosis in MSI-high CRCs that should be validated in an independent and larger CRC cohort.