Hence, further analysis was done after division into the lower age (1-3 years) and higher age (4-8 years) groups. In lower age group children, satisfactory parental separation was achieved in 100% of the patients in the D3 group compared to 20% of those in the D2 group (p=0.00). MAS was significantly better in the D3 group in both the lower (p=0.019) and higher (p=0.036) age groups. We conclude that nebulised dexmedetomidine in a dose of 3 μg kg provides better parental separation and mask acceptance in younger children. We conclude that nebulised dexmedetomidine in a dose of 3 μg kg-1 provides better parental separation and mask acceptance in younger children. Laryngeal mask airways and the I-gel have become increasingly popular for children undergoing minor surgery. The goal of our study is to compare I-gel and ProSeal laryngeal mask airways (LMA) in infants by analysing different parameters, such as insertion success, ventilation, haemodynamic changes and postoperative complications. For this prospective, randomised study, we selected 123 infants with an American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) status I, who were undergoing minor elective lower abdominal surgery. After obtaining verbal and written informed consent from the parents, the infants were divided into two groups the I-gel group (n=60) and the ProSeal LMA group (n=63). The times and ease of insertion, percentages of tidal volume leakage, and means and leakage pressures of these two supraglottic airways were noted. The complications and side-effects of each method were also recorded. The insertion time of the ProSeal group was statistically shorter than that of the I-gel group. The peak and mean pressures and the leakage percentage of the ProSeal group were statistically lower than those of the I-gel group. The leakage pressure of the ProSeal group was statistically higher than the I-gel group. In comparison with I-gel, the use of ProSeal LMA in infants' anaesthesia presents many advantages, such as the ease of its insertion, better oropharyngeal leakage pressure and less mucosal hyperaemia. In comparison with I-gel, the use of ProSeal LMA in infants' anaesthesia presents many advantages, such as the ease of its insertion, better oropharyngeal leakage pressure and less mucosal hyperaemia. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is one of the most common complications in elderly surgical patients. We conducted a survey study to evaluate the perspectives of Turkish anaesthesiologists on postoperative cognitive disorders. We conducted a prospective online survey with questions and answers were recorded either in a Likert scale from 1 to 5 (completely disagree to completely agree) or as yes/no/do not know types of answers. Potential participants were contacted through an e-mail that included a brief introductory note, instructions, a link to the survey and the authors' contact information. We analysed 129 surveys (9.9% of total potential respondents). The majority believed that the risk of cognitive side effects should be considered when choosing the type of anaesthesia (87.6%) and that preoperative cognitive function should be routinely assessed (74.4%). When caring for an agitated and confused patient postoperatively, 56.6%, protocols to screen and manage postoperative cognitive disorders were rarely used. Nearly all respondents believe that postoperative delirium and POCD are neglected areas in anaesthesiology. Overall, participants perceive postoperative cognitive disorders as important adverse outcomes following surgery and anaesthesia. They are aware of the main risk factors for their development but may lack information on the prevention and management postoperatively. Overall, participants perceive postoperative cognitive disorders as important adverse outcomes following surgery and anaesthesia. They are aware of the main risk factors for their development but may lack information on the prevention and management postoperatively. The objective of this study was to assess the association of early pupil evaluation with death occurrence on Day 28 in patients with refractory out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (ROHCA) admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and treated by extra-corporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (eCPR). The pupil size (miosis, intermediary or mydriasis) and bilateral pupillary light reactivity (present or absent) were monitored in sedated and paralysed patients treated by eCPR. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/pd-1-pd-l1-inhibitor-2.html Mortality was assessed on Day 28. A total of 46 consecutive patients with ROHCA were included in the study. Thirty (65%) patients died on Day 28. Twenty-seven (90%) patients had pupils non-reactive to light, and 18 (60%) had mydriasis at the ICU admission. Using logistic regression, including age, gender, no flow, low-flow, size and pupil reactivity to light, only the pupillary reactivity to light remained associated with death on Day 28 (Odds ratio=0.12, 95%CI=[0.01-0.96]). Pupils not reacting to light at the ICU admission were associated with mortality on Day 28 in patients with ROHCA. Pupillary light reactivity is a simple and easy tool that can be used to early detect a poor outcome in patients with ROHCA treated by eCPR. Pupils not reacting to light at the ICU admission were associated with mortality on Day 28 in patients with ROHCA. Pupillary light reactivity is a simple and easy tool that can be used to early detect a poor outcome in patients with ROHCA treated by eCPR. Encephalitis is a disease that has a major impact on health systems worldwide in terms of mortality, morbidity and costs. Furthermore, it is a challenging disease for the treating physician, as the patient presentation varies, and not all patients present with typical complaints. In addition, if left untreated or if there is a delay in the treatment, the mortality rate due to encephalitis can increase. The incidence of encephalitis in Pakistan is scarce in the literature because, in most of cases, the specific cause is not evaluated due to lack of resources and also because the majority of cases are not reported. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and outcomes of encephalitis in patients admitted to a tertiary care hospital intensive care unit in Pakistan. This retrospective study was conducted in the intensive care unit of the Aziz Fatimah Medical College and Hospital, Faisalabad. After obtaining the ethical approval, a total of 75 patients were found in the medical records with a confirmed diagnosis of encephalitis out of total 3,921 patients admitted to the intensive care unit in the 5-year period from 1 January 2013 to 31 December 2018.