https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Nolvadex.html Opioids are essential medicines. Despite international and national laws permitting availability, opioid access remains inadequate, particularly in South, Southeast, East and Central Asia. To review evidence of perceptions and experiences of regulatory enablers and barriers to opioid access in South, Southeast, East and Central Asia. Systematic review of post-2000 research according to PRISMA guidelines. Data were subjected to critical interpretive synthesis. International, national and sub-national barriers were organised developing a conceptual framework of opioid availability. PsycINFO, Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library. CINAHL, Complete and ASSIA from 2000 until 20th May 2019. 21/14097 studies included quantitative  = 15, qualitative  = 3 and mixed-methods  = 3. Four barrier/enabler themes were developed lack of laws explicitly enabling opioid access, restrictive international controls and clinician prescribing concerns. limited availability, poor policymaker and clinician educatonal laws explicitly enabling opioid access are required, to assuage concerns, promote training and appropriate prescribing. The aims of this study were to develop a German Hearing In Noise Test (HINT) using the same methodology as with previous HINT tests; to develop sentence lists for measuring speech reception thresholds (SRTs); and to determine test-retest reliability and norms for measures obtained under headphones. The following steps were followed develop and record sentences, synthesise masking noise, determine the performance-intensity (PI) function, equalise sentence difficulty in the masking noise. Form sentence lists of equal difficulty. Measure SRTs for normal hearing individuals to determine practice/learning effects, test-retest reliability, and norms. Three groups of adults (median age = 25 years) with average better ear pure-tone averages (PTAs) ≤ 5 dB HL participated. The 12 20-sentence lists were well-matched phone