Renal echogenicity grading had strongest correlation with both serum creatinine (r=0.571, p=0.000) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (r= -0.349, p=0.006). Mean serum creatinine (in mg/dL) ± standard deviation was 1.9(±1.5), 4.0(±3.7), 5.8(±3.7), and 15.4(±5.3) for grade I, II, III, and IV echogenic kidneys respectively. Similarly, mean eGFR (in ml/min/1.73m2) ± standard deviation was 50.2(±22.9), 35.9(±40), 15.7(±13.4), and 3.4(±1.1) for Grade I, II, III, and IV echogenic kidneys respectively.
 
  Renal echogenicity is a better sonographic parameter that correlated well with both eGFR and serum creatinine. Renal ultrasound should be routinely used for early diagnosis, grading and monitoring of kidney disease.
 Renal echogenicity is a better sonographic parameter that correlated well with both eGFR and serum creatinine. Renal ultrasound should be routinely used for early diagnosis, grading and monitoring of kidney disease.
  Undernutrition is highly prevalent in Nepal, which interferes with physical and mental development among children. It is one of the severe health problems contributing to the significant portion of the disease burden. This study aimed to explore socio-demographic and healthcare-seeking related predictors of undernutrition among children under five years old in Dang, Nepal.
 
  This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. A sample of 426 children was participated through stratified proportionate random sampling to identify socio-demographics and healthcare-seeking predictors of undernutrition. Multivariable regression was applied to identify the independent predictors of undernutrition.
 
  This study found that children below 24 months of age were more likely to be undernourished than children aged 24-36 months. Female children (OR=2.32, 95% CI 1.19-4.54), illiterate or non-formally educated women (OR=4.09, 95% CI 1.84-9.08), mother's occupation other than a housewife (OR=13.05, 95% CI 4.19-40.68), labor work her (OR=2.40, 95% CI 1.04-5.57) had increased risk of undernutrition among children. Similarly, food insufficiency from their land, antenatal care visit, postnatal care visit, and delivery place were significantly associated with childhood undernutrition among children. Conclusions The study showed that undernutrition among children is associated with age and gender of children, educational attainment of the mother, food sufficiency, health-seeking practices of the mother during pregnancy, delivery, and postnatal. Socio-demographics and health-seeking practices related predictors must be explicitly considered to address undernutrition among children under the age of five years.
  Venereophobia is fear of getting sexually transmitted disease after first or repeated unprotected sexual activities with unsafe or safe partners. This study aims to study the epidemiological profile, varying clinical presentations and spectrum of psychiatric diagnoses among venereophobia patients Methods A cross-sectional, prospective and observational study was conducted among 72 consecutive patients of venereophobia. Patients with symptoms of fear of sexually transmitted infections were evaluated with relevant history and genital examination.  https://www.selleckchem.com/  Additionally psychiatric evaluation was done for associated diagnoses. Patients with symptoms and clinical signs of sexually transmitted infections were excluded from the study.
 
  A total of 68 male and 4 females presented with the symptoms. The mean age of presentation was 25.85±5.15 years. Most of them were either servicemen (38.8%) followed by students (23.6%). After a mean time of 11±10.44 days of sexual activity, patients developed symptoms. Common presentations were genital papules (25%), slough (22.2%) and genital itchy sensation (15.3%). A total of 23(33.8%) patients visited to commercial sex workers with mean spells of visiting 3.2±2.67 times. Factors as regular use of condom and knowledge of overall STI was lacking; while self investigation and multiple doctor visit was common. Pearly penile papule 18(25%) was the commonest diagnosis made on clinical examination. A total of 43 (59.7%) cases were diagnosed with psychiatric conditions, most common being anxiety neurosis (58.1%).
 
  Venereophobia was commonly found to be associated with psychiatric illnesses. A proper anamnesis, genital and psychiatric evaluation of this common entity may prevent misdiagnosis and associated complications.
 Venereophobia was commonly found to be associated with psychiatric illnesses. A proper anamnesis, genital and psychiatric evaluation of this common entity may prevent misdiagnosis and associated complications.
  Pseudoaneurysm of the femoral artery is the most common complication among IV drug abusers who inject drugs in groin. These are usually infective and potentially fatal so it requires astute clinical recognition and prompt treatment, possessing a significant challenge to vascular surgeons.
 
  We present a retrospective descriptive study and the prevalent practice of their management covering the period from 2013 July- December 2019 at our center. Data regarding demography, presentation, surgical management, and the outcome was analyzed.
 
  Among 368 femoral pseudoaneurysm operated during the period, groin swelling with pulsatile mass was the most frequent presentation accounting 304 (82.61%) patients. About 67.12% (247 patients) of the pseudoaneurysm has purulent discharge and 60.07% (221 patients) had bleeding at presentation out of which 211patients had hepatitis C (HCV), hepatitis B (HBsAg) and/or Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status positive. Thirty six patients (9.78%) presented with femoral pseudoanpositive. Thirty six patients (9.78%) presented with femoral pseudoaneurysm in both groins. Ligation and excision of the pseudoaneurysm were done in all cases while delayed revascularization was done in eight patients with expanded Polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) graft in one patient and venous bypass grafts in other 7 cases. All patients after bypass had no major limb loss and two patients had a patent graft at five years follow up. There were nine mortalities and thirty two patients underwent amputation. Conclusions Infected femoral pseudoaneurysm can be managed by ligation of the involved artery with delayed revascularization if required without major limb and life loss.