Management and treatment of the febrile pediatric patient returning from a tropical country is often challenging. Detailed medical and travel history with an emphasis on possible exposure (e.g. fresh water exposure, animal contact etc.) as well as a complete physical examination are essential. Considering the possible incubation period and travel destination, the number of potential differential diagnoses can often be greatly reduced. While most infections are self-limiting and run an uncomplicated course, it is crucial to recognize potentially life-threatening infections and to treat them appropriately.This article provides guidance for a rational approach and diagnostics with respect to fever in the context of differential diagnoses in tropical medicine in the pediatric patient collective.Fever of unknown origin is diagnosed when the fever (mostly defined as an elevated body temperature ≥38.3 °C measured by rectal or tympanic route) lasts longer than expected, i.e. 5-10 days after the onset of fever. The search for the cause can be difficult and necessitates the special attention of an experienced general pediatrician in collaboration with specialists in pediatric infectious diseases, rheumatic diseases and oncology, nursing personnel, radiologists and others. In approximately half of the cases an infectious cause is finally found; other causes are primarily inflammatory, malignant and noninflammatory diseases. Individual causes with the imminent threat of a severe course should be treated immediately. For the other cases the diagnostic evaluation is paramount, which is wisely planned and executed with determination and openness. The patient history, physical examination, laboratory and device-based diagnostics, imaging and histological examinations can contribute to the final diagnosis. The parents must be escorted through a period of uncertainty and the child should be comforted wherever possible. Spontaneous recovery is also possible. The probatory administration of antibiotics rarely leads to an improvement. After extensive exclusion of infections and malignancies and increasing suffering from the fever itself, prescription of glucocorticoids may be justified in cases of high inflammatory activity, under the suspicion of a hyperergic state and after detailed informed consent. The management of fever of unknown origin is one of the greatest challenges in pediatrics.This review summarizes the development of population genetics and population genomics studies of forest trees in Slovakia during the past 40 years. Various protein and DNA markers have been applied during this period to address several topics in evolutionary genetics and biogeography of trees allozymes, uniparentally inherited chloroplast and mitochondrial markers, simple sequence repeats and single nucleotide polymorphisms. The main object of studies of phylogeny and postglacial migration were Fagus sylvatica s.l. and eastern-Mediterranean firs (Abies Mill. section Abies), where the divergence of genetic lineages (species and subspecific taxa) in time, as well as colonization of the current ranges during the Holocene were reconstructed. The studies on intraspecific gene flow and homoploid hybridization focused on hybrid swarms Pinus sylvestris/P. mugo and firs. Unusual maternal inheritance of chloroplast DNA was revealed in P. mugo × P. sylvestris crosses. Contrasting geographical structures of hybrid zones were revealed in wind-dispersed vs. animal-dispersed trees. Within the studies of adaptation, signals of selection were identified both in field observations and common-garden experiments on Picea abies, F. sylvatica and A. alba. Perspectives of ongoing research employing next-generation sequencing were shortly outlined.Influenza A/H1N1 is widely considered to be a very evolutionary virus causing major public health problems. Since the pandemic of 2009, there has been a rapid rise in human Influenza virus characterization. However, little data is available in Tunisia regarding its genetic evolution. In light of this fact, our paper aim is to genetically characterize the Neuraminidase, known as the target of antiviral inhibitors, in Tunisian isolates circulating in Monastir region during 2017-2018. In total of 31 positive Influenza A/H1N1 detected by multiplex real-time PCR, RT-PCR of neuraminidase was performed. Among the 31 positive samples, 7 samples representing fatal and most severe cases were conducted for sequencing and genetic analysis. The results thus obtained showed genetic evolution of the A/H1N1 neuraminidase between 2009 and 2010 and 2018-2019 outbreaks. All Tunisian isolates were genetically related to the recommended vaccine strain with a specific evolution. Moreover, the phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that France and especially Italian strains were the major related strains. Interestingly, our results revealed a specific cluster of Tunisian isolates where two intragroup were evolved in correlation with the severity and the fatalities cases. From the outcome of our investigation, this study confirms the genetic evolution of the Influenza A virus circulating in Tunisia and gives a preliminary analysis for a better comprehension of new emerging Tunisian strain's virulence and thus, a more appropriate monitoring of Influenza virus A/H1N1 during each round of outbreaks.
  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11756-021-00723-y.
 The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11756-021-00723-y.In Russia and around the world, there are important questions regarding the potential threats to national and biological safety created by genetic technologies and the need to improve or introduce new, justified, and adequate measures for their control, regulation, and prevention. The article shows that a significant volume of the global market is occupied by five major transgenic crops, and producers are ready to switch to crops with an edited genome that has been approved in the United States, Argentina, and other countries. We propose a qualitatively new approach to the risk assessment of edited plants, "Safe Design," and we have also developed an extremely important, fundamentally new approach to the development of methods that combine next-generation sequencing (NGS) and Bioinformatics for the assessment of the crop import biosafety.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/nx-1607.html  The proposed mathematical approach provides a detailed analysis of the possible insertions of DNA fragments into the genome of edited crops and a clarification of their biological significance.