Tephrosia purpurea (T. purpurea), a plant belonging to Fabaceae (pea) family, is a well-known Ayurvedic herb and commonly known as Sarapunkha in traditional Indian medicinal system. Described as "Sarwa wranvishapaka", i.e. having a capability to heal all types of wounds, it is particularly recognized for its usage in splenomegaly. Towards exploring the comprehensive effects of T. purpurea against polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and three comorbid neuropsychiatric diseases (anxiety, depression, and bipolar disorder), its constituent phytochemicals (PCs) were extensively reviewed and their network pharmacology evaluation was carried out in this study. The complex regulatory potential of its 76 PCs against PCOS is enquired by developing and analyzing high confidence tripartite networks of protein targets of each phytochemical at both pathway and disease association scales. We also developed a high-confidence human Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) sub-network specific to PCOS, explored its modular architecture, and probed 30 drug-like phytochemicals (DPCs) having multi-module regulatory potential. The phytochemicals showing good binding affinity towards their protein targets were also evaluated for similarity against currently available approved drugs present in DrugBank. Multi-targeting and synergistic capacities of 12 DPCs against 10 protein targets were identified and evaluated using molecular docking and interaction analyses. Eight DPCs as a potential source of PCOS and its comorbidity regulators are reported in T. purpurea. The results of network-pharmacology study highlight the therapeutic relevance of T. purpurea as PCOS-regulator and demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach in revealing action-mechanism of Ayurvedic herbs from holistic perspective.We have previously found and characterized two pairs of enhancer elements, E1 and E2, in the type II collagen alpha 1 chain (COL2A1) gene. Subsequent studies have suggested that these enhancers function differently in the regulation of gene expression. For example, histone deacetylase 10 modifies only the E2 enhancer region to affect gene expression. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to clarify the transcriptional complex formed at each enhancer region by identifying transcription factors that specifically bind to each enhancer element. To this end, we used chondrocytic cell lines established using our unique silent reporter system and overexpressed candidate transcription factors in these cells. We found two transcription factors, other than the SOX trio, that directly bound to COL2A1 and regulated its expression. The first was Kruppel-like factor-4 (KLF4), which bound to the promoter proximal region, and the second was AT-rich interactive domain 5B (ARID5B) which bound to the E1 enhancer element. Further studies are needed to identify factors that specifically bind to the E2 enhancer element. In any case, our findings provide an important insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of COL2A1. In this paper, we reevaluated the previous analysis of transcription factors involved in the regulation of COL2A1 expression.
  Ambroxol elevates glucocerebrosidase (GCase) activity and reduces nigrostriatal alpha-synuclein burden to better ameliorate motor function in Parkinson's disease (PD). Polygala tenuifolia is a potential alternative botanical medicine for the treatment of many nonmotor symptoms of PD commonly used in Taiwanese patients. Co-administration of these two medicines pose potential herb-drug interaction.
 
  Our hypothesis is that ambroxol and P. tenuifolia may potentially possess herbal drug synergetic effects in the blood and brain.
 
  To investigate this hypothesis, a multiple microdialysis system coupled with validated ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed for rat blood and brain samples. Experimental rats were divided into three groups low-dose and high-dose ambroxol alone (10mg/kg, i.v. and 30mg/kg, i.v., respectively) and ambroxol (10mg/kg, i.v.) pretreated with P. tenuifolia extract (1g/kg, p.o. for 5 consecutive days).
 
  Ambroxol easily penetrated into the brain and reached a maximum concentration in the striatum at approximately 60min after low- and high-dose treatment. The area under the concentration curve (AUC) ratio increased proportionally at the doses of 10 and 30mg/kg, which suggested a linear pharmacokinetic manner of ambroxol.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/CP-690550.html  The brain penetration of ambroxol was approximately 30-34%, which was defined as the ambroxol AUC blood-to-brain distribution ratio (AUC
  /AUC
  ). The P. tenuifolia extract did not significantly alter the pharmacokinetics of ambroxol in the blood and brain of rats.
 
  The present study suggests that it is safety without pharmacokinetic interactions for this dosing regimen to use P. tenuifolia extract and ambroxol together.
 The present study suggests that it is safety without pharmacokinetic interactions for this dosing regimen to use P. tenuifolia extract and ambroxol together.
  Peel of Citrus reticulata, a Chinese herbal drug with functions of regulating Qi and expelling phlegm, has been used for the treatment of lung related diseases in Chinese medicine for a long time. Its detailed effects on collagen in anti-idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is still unclear.
 
  To explore the effects of citrus alkaline extract (CAE) on collagen synthesis, crosslinking and deposition in pulmonary fibrosis and understand the possible signal pathways involved in the activity.
 
  CAE was prepared from C. reticulata. Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis mouse model was applied. Pulmonary fibrosis of lung was estimated with histopathology analysis, and collagen deposition was evaluated with immunohistochemistry. Collagen crosslinking related biomarkers and enzymes were analyzed with chemical methods, immunohistochemical and western blot analyses.
 
  CAE oral administration lowered hydroxyproline content, inhibited the collagen deposition including expressions of collagen I and III, and relieved bleomAE.
  The combination of Astragalus membranaceus and Salvia miltiorrhiza (AS) is an effective prescription that is widely used to treat chronic kidney disease (CKD) clinically in traditional Chinese medicine. Our previous studies have shown that AS can alleviate early CKD through the "gut-kidney axis", but the regulatory role of AS in the "gut-kidney axis" in the middle and late stages of CKD caused by cyclosporin A-induced chronic nephrotoxicity (CICN) has remained unclear.
 
  To explore the protective effect of AS by regulating the intestinal flora to further control the miRNA-mRNA interaction profiles in CICN.
 
  Thirty-two mice were divided into four groups Normal (N) (olive oil), Model (M) (CsA, 30mgkg
  d
  ), AS (CsA+AS, 30+8.4gkg
  d
  ) and FMT-AS (CsA+Faeces of AS group, 30mg+10mLkg
  d
  ). The mice were treated for 6 weeks. Changes in renal function related metabolites were detected, pathological changes in the colon and kidney were observed, and 16S rDNA sequencing was performed on mouse faeces. In addition, miRNA and mRNA sequencing were performed on the kidney to construct differential expression (DE) profiles of the other 3 groups compared with group M.