Three catadromous Pacific eels (2 Anguilla marmorata, 1 A. megastoma) from the Archipelago of Vanuatu were tagged with pop-up satellite archival transmitters and their migration tracks towards their presumed spawning area approximately 870 km northeast of the point of release were reconstructed in order to evaluate their movements in relation to oceanographic conditions. We used the timing of diel vertical migrations to derive the eels' positions. Two A. marmorata exhibited steep-angled turns resulting in a zig-zag migration path along the east-west axis, while one A. megastoma took a relatively straight course towards the presumed spawning area. They migrated with a speed over ground of 21-23 km day-1. In this region, the eastward flow of the South Equatorial Counter Current (SECC, ∼ 5-10°S) separates the westward flowing South Equatorial Current (SEC; ∼0-5°S and 10-18°S) into two branches. During shallower nighttime migration depths around 150 m eels crossed a variable flow field through the southern branch of the westward SEC with westward propagating mesoscale eddies and the eastward SECC, but stayed south of the stronger northern branch of SEC possibly increasing retention time of larvae within this area. The eels headed towards a tongue of high-salinity Subtropical Underwater (STUW) that may have provided cues for orientation. The eels did not move beyond a salinity front of 35.9-36.0 at a depth of 100-200 m, which may have provided cues for orientation towards the spawning area. These 3 tracks may represent the movements of mature silver eels all the way to where they spawn.Compressed-liquid densities of the binary system dimethyl carbonate + heptane have been measured with a vibrating-tube densimeter over the temperature and pressure ranges of 270 K to 470 K, and 1 MPa to 50 MPa at three compositions of the mixture. The measurements are part of an effort to better understand the molecular interactions of polar/non-polar mixtures. These types of mixtures often exhibit very non-ideal behavior. By measuring the mixture at three compositions and over a large range of temperature and pressure, the non-ideality can be assessed. There are no high-pressure liquid density data for this binary system in the literature, thus data reported here could only be compared to literature data at atmospheric pressure to establish their quality. The majority of literature data agree well with the presented results which have a maximum expanded uncertainty of 1.63 kg·m-3 (for the composition with the greatest mole fraction of dimethyl carbonate). The non-ideality for the mixture, in the temperature, pressure and composition range of this study was found to be minimal. This is rationalized by considering the molecular sizes, shapes, and charge distributions of the pure components and the attractive parts of their intermolecular force fields as they are reflected in the temperature ranges of their vapor pressure curves.Colijn & Plazzotta (Syst. Biol. 67113-126, 2018) introduced a scheme for bijectively associating the unlabeled binary rooted trees with the positive integers. First, the rank 1 is associated with the 1-leaf tree. Proceeding recursively, ordered pair (k1, k2), k1 ⩾ k2 ⩾ 1, is then associated with the tree whose left subtree has rank k1 and whose right subtree has rank k2. Following dictionary order on ordered pairs, the tree whose left and right subtrees have the ordered pair of ranks (k1, k2) is assigned rank k1(k1 - 1)/2 + 1 + k2. With this ranking, given a number of leaves n, we determine recursions for a n , the smallest rank assigned to some tree with n leaves, and b n , the largest rank assigned to some tree with n leaves. The smallest rank a n is assigned to the maximally balanced tree, and the largest rank b n is assigned to the caterpillar.  https://www.selleckchem.com/ATM.html  For n equal to a power of 2, the value of a n is seen to increase exponentially with 2α n for a constant α ≈ 1.24602; more generally, we show it is bounded a n less then 1.5 n . The value of b n is seen to increase with 2 β ( 2 n ) for a constant β ≈ 1.05653. The great difference in the rates of increase for a n and b n indicates that as the index v is incremented, the number of leaves for the tree associated with rank v quickly traverses a wide range of values. We interpret the results in relation to applications in evolutionary biology.In the twenty-first century, modern bioenergy could become one of the largest sources of energy, partially replacing fossil fuels and contributing to climate change mitigation. Agricultural and forestry biomass residues form an inexpensive bioenergy feedstock with low greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, if harvested sustainably. We analysed quantities of biomass residues supplied for energy and their sensitivities in harmonised bioenergy demand scenarios across eight integrated assessment models (IAMs) and compared them with literature-estimated residue availability. IAM results vary substantially, at both global and regional scales, but suggest that residues could meet 7-50% of bioenergy demand towards 2050, and 2-30% towards 2100, in a scenario with 300 EJ/year of exogenous bioenergy demand towards 2100. When considering mean literature-estimated availability, residues could provide around 55 EJ/year by 2050. Inter-model differences primarily arise from model structure, assumptions, and the representation of agriculture and forestry. Despite these differences, drivers of residues supplied and underlying cost dynamics are largely similar across models. Higher bioenergy demand or biomass prices increase the quantity of residues supplied for energy, though their effects level off as residues become depleted. GHG emission pricing and land protection can increase the costs of using land for lignocellulosic bioenergy crop cultivation, which increases residue use at the expense of lignocellulosic bioenergy crops. In most IAMs and scenarios, supplied residues in 2050 are within literature-estimated residue availability, but outliers and sustainability concerns warrant further exploration. We conclude that residues can cost-competitively play an important role in the twenty-first century bioenergy supply, though uncertainties remain concerning (regional) forestry and agricultural production and resulting residue supply potentials.