Regarding the mechanical behavior and the chemical resistance, similar results were observed whatever the DS is. Ethylenediamine-modified pectins (EPs) with different degrees of amidation (DA) were prepared and characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared spectra (FTIR), elemental analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The prepared EPs were then used to remove Pb2+ from the aqueous solution. It was found that EPs with the highest DA (EP48) exhibited great removal efficiency of Pb2+ (≥94 %) at low concentrations of 40-80 mg/L. The zeta potential analysis showed that EP48 had the fastest increase in zeta potential when Pb2+ was continuously added and was the first to be electroneutralized. Particle size analysis further confirmed that EP48 was the first precipitated and formed a larger EP48-Pb2+ complex. The FTIR and XPS analyses indicated that Pb2+ was adsorbed via the ion exchange of carboxylic groups and chelation with acylamino and amino groups. These results suggested that the EP48 might be a promising adsorbent for the removal of low concentrations of Pb2+ in contaminated water. It is well known that mixing pullulan (PUL) with starch can overcome the poor physical properties of pure starch based film. However, the mechanism of improvement of physical properties of starch film with PUL is yet to be clearly understood. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of PUL in potato starch (PS) condensed matter solution and illustrate the mechanism improvement of physical properties of PS film by mixing with PUL. The moisture content of PS-PUL film decreased by 18.61 % because PS-PUL film chain-structure was denser than that of PS film.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/cdk2-inhibitor-73.html  Based on the analysis of condensed matter solution, PUL could reduce the speed of PS chain movement and increase the flexibility of PS rigidity chains. Thus, tensile strength of PS-PUL film decreased by 20.34 % and elongation at break of PS-PUL film increased by 23.45 %. An increase in bending endurance by 49.51 % also illustrates that PUL improved the chain flexibility in the process of composite film formation. The present research provides a novel research route to understand the mechanism of hydrophilic colloids affecting the physical properties of starch film at molecular level. Also, the work provides a theoretical basis for the establishment of a correlation system between the microstructure and macroscopic properties. The products of chitin degradation, chitosan and chitooligosaccharides, are valuable to the food and agriculture industries. The bio-enzymatic degradation of chitin can overcome the shortcomings of chemical degradation methods. This study identified two novel enzymes involved in chitin degradation from the marine metagenome chitin deacetylase CDA20 and chitosanase CHIS5. Published chitin deacetylases (CDAs) are generally active against acetylated oligosaccharides with degrees of polymerization ≥ 2 or N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc). However, the deacetylase CDA20 effectively removed the acetyl groups from GlcNAc and chitobiose simultaneously. The chitosanase CHIS5 is an endo-type chitosanase and degraded chitosan into chitooligosaccharides with degrees of polymerization of 2-5. When used in combination, CHIS5 preferentially hydrolyzed chitosan to acetylated chitooligosaccharides, and then CDA20 removed the acetyl group to produce chitooligosaccharides. Our research has identified valuable enzymes related to chitin degradation encoded in the marine metagenome and broadens the theoretical basis for chitin biodegradation by bio-enzymes. The structure and properties of phytoglycogen (PG) and waxy starch (WS) from different mutants subjected to carboxymethylation (CM) were investigated. FT-IR analysis confirmed the carboxymethylation of PG and WS. The degree of substitution (DS) increased with increasing of the ratio of monochloroacetic acid to anhydroglucose unit, while DS of CM-PG was higher than that of CM-WS using equivalent modification conditions. The weight-average molecular weight (Mw) and radius of gyration (Rz) of CM-WS increased with the DS, whereas the Mw increased and Rz was nearly constant for CM-PG. The zeta-potential of CM-WS reduced and the viscosity increased significantly as DS increased, while the viscosity of CM-PG was remarkably lower than that of CM-WS with equivalent of DS. The increase of DS in CM-starches resulted in a substantial reduction of RDS accompanied by the increase of SDS and RS. The results revealed the promising application of CM-PG as a potential carrier system for bioactive ingredients. Current developments of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are mainly focused on improving security and cycle performance. Herein, a novel polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/triphenyl phosphate (TPP)/cellulose acetate (CA) nanofiber membrane was fabricated by one-step electrospinning and used as separator in lithium-ion batteries. Compared to traditional polyethylene membrane, the obtained composite showed higher porosity, elevated thermal stability, superior electrolyte wettability, and improved flame resistance. In addition, batteries assembled with PVDF/TPP/CA membrane exhibited excellent electrochemical properties and cycle stability. The enhanced performances were attributed to the porous structure and presence of CA and TPP. Overall, the proposed hybrid organic cellulose-based composite polymer membranes look promising as separators for advanced LIBs. The present study was to investigate the molecular mechanism underlying lymphocyte activation by total polysaccharides from Atractylodis macrocephalae (RAMPtp). The results showed that RAMPtp significantly promoted the secretions of cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-21, IFN-α, CCL4, CXCL9 and CXCL10), increased the proportions of CD4+ and CD8+ subpopulations, and enhanced the expressions of c-JUN, NFAT4, STAT1 and STAT3. microRNA sequencing identified 67 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) in RAMPtp-stimulated SMLN lymphocytes, including 55 up-regulated and 12 down-regulated. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses of the predicted DEMs-targeted genes indicated that they were associated with immune system pathways, including PI3K-Akt, MAPKs, Jak-STAT and Calcium signaling pathways, which were confirmed by western blot and pathway inhibition assays. RAMPtp was further observed to favor immunostimulatory effect on both T and B lymphocytes via binding to TCR and membrane Ig individually. These findings might explain the immunomodulatory mechanism of RAMPtp in ameliorating the bovine intramammary infection.