https://www.selleckchem.com/products/fgf401.html Lung cancer staging is a foundation of patient care, informing management decisions and prognosis. This comprehensive overview of the current 8th edition American Joint Committee on Cancer Cancer Staging Manual addresses common difficulties in staging, such as measuring the invasive component of adenocarcinomas and staging multiple lung nodules. Pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors represent a morphologic spectrum of tumors from the well-differentiated typical carcinoid tumor, to the intermediate-grade atypical carcinoid tumor, to the high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas composed of small-cell carcinoma and large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. The addition of immunohistochemistry in diagnostics is helpful and often essential, especially in the classification of large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. The importance of the intermediate-grade atypical carcinoid group is underscored by the impact of this diagnosis on therapy. The distinction of pulmonary small-cell carcinoma from large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, despite both being in the high-grade group, is of relevance to the therapeutic approach to these tumor types. Transbronchial cryobiopsy, a new diagnostic procedure in patients with diffuse lung disease, provides larger and better-preserved lung specimens compared to forceps biopsy. The diagnostic yield of cryobiopsy is much better than that of forceps biopsy and slightly lower than that of surgical lung biopsy, but with a lower complication rate compared to the latter. Literature suggests that in the multidisciplinary approach to patients with diffuse lung disease cryobiopsy provides diagnostic and prognostic information similar to surgical lung biopsy. Cryobiopsy can also be performed in some patients unsuitable for surgical biopsy, yet in whom histologic input is needed. Three major histologic patterns of bronchiolitis obliterative bronchiolitis, follicular bronchiolitis, and diffuse panbronchiolitis, are reviewed