63, p = 0.015) and CD68+ macrophages (r = 0.43, p = 0.021). ROC analysis found an AUC of 0.73 (95% CI = 0.60-0.86, p = 0.003) for the MIB-1 index in predicting poor facial nerve outcomes. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed an MIB-1 index ≥ 5% (16/28 (57.1%) vs. 5/40 (12.5%); p  less then  0.001, OR = 14.0, 95% CI = 3.2-61.1) and a tumour size class of 3 (6/8 (75.0%) vs. 2/8 (25.0%); p = 0.01, OR = 14.56, 95% CI = 1.9-113.4) were predictors of poor HB scores (≥ 3) after 1 year. CONCLUSIONS An MIB-1 index ≥ 5% seems to predict worse long-term facial nerve outcomes in VS surgery.This review (with 126 references) summarizes the progress that has been made in the use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in immunoassays and immunosensors. Following an introduction into the field, a first large section covers functional group-modified CNTs as carriers for antibodies (with subsections on CNTs modified with amino, carboxy and by various other materials). The next section treats CNTs coupled with inorganic or organic materials as active components (with the use of nanoparticles such as Fe3O4, ZnO, gold) or with indium tin oxide (ITO), NiCoBP, ionic liquids, TiO2 nanosheets, metal clusters; chitosan, polystyrene, polydopamine, graphene, or enzymes. Another section discusses the synergistic effects of CNTs with metals, metal ions, and organic/inorganic materials. Several Tables are presented that give an overview on the wealth of methods and materials. A concluding section summarizes the current status, addresses current challenges, and gives an outlook on potential future trends. Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of the roles of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in immunosensors and immunoassays. (I) Functional group-modified CNTs as carriers for antibody; (II) CNTs coupled with metal or organic materials as active component; and (III) Synergistic effects of CNTs with other materials to improve the parameters of immunosensors.A nanocurcumin (NCur)-VO2+ ensemble-based optical nanoprobe is proposed for monitoring of human serum albumin (HSA) and transferrin (TF) in biofluids of serum and urine. The determination strategy of HSA and TF is based on the decrease of the absorbance/color intensity of NCur in the presence of VO2+ due to the formation of NCur-VO2+ ensemble. This leads to aggregation of the NCur and the color change of solution from orange to pale pink. Upon addition of HSA or TF, release of VO2+ from NCur-VO2+ ensemble occurs due to their stronger binding affinities to VO2+ in competition with the NCur. This leads to deaggregation of the NCur and recovery of the decreased absorption/color intensity within a defined time range. The absorption changes at λ = 455 and the color of NCur solution can be monitored spectrophotometrically or visually by a smartphone camera, respectively. Under optimal conditions, the analytical signals increase linearly in the ranges 50-200 nM (LOD = 11 nM) and 20-140 nM (LOD = 8 nM) for HSA and TF, respectively. The difference in the different affinities between the HSA and the TF for binding to VO2+ produces the unique time profiles of each protein. Therefore, the simultaneous determination of HSA and TF is provided by using the least-square support-vector machine (LS-SVM) model. The good recoveries and small errors of predicted values suggest that the nanoprobe is capable to resolve binary mixtures of HSA and TF. The method was applied to the simultaneous determination of HSA and TF in serum and urine samples. Graphical abstract.Humans receive information from their environment mainly via the visual system. Signals from the photoreceptors of the retina via bipolar and ganglion cells are projected onto specific neuronal subpopulations in the lateral geniculate body and from there are forwarded to appropriate layers of the primary visual cortex. The most important anatomical and functional features of the visual system are explained. For this purpose, a selective literature search was carried out in the databases PubMed (also in Europe PubMed Central), Psychline, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library and Web of Science as well as additional information in relevant books or websites in the fields of (neuro)anatomy, (neuro)physiology, (neuro)ophthalmology and (neuro)otology, among others with the search terms Sehbahn, visual system, visual pathway, receptors, spatial cognition and visual cognition.The treatment of choice for malignant eyelid tumors is surgical excision. If this is not feasible or undesirable, a number of alternative treatments are available. Possible systemic preparations are vismodegib and sonidegib for basal cell carcinoma as well as cetuximab and cemiplimab for squamous cell carcinoma. Cryodestruction is possible for superficial tumors. In situ findings can be treated with the local preparations imiquimod or 5‑fluorouracil and with photodynamic therapy. An interdisciplinary cooperation with dermatologists is advisable.Bioapatite ceramics produced from biogenic sources provide highly attractive materials for the preparation of artificial replacements since such materials are not only more easily accepted by living organisms, but bioapatite isolated from biowaste such as xenogeneous bones also provides a low-cost material. Nevertheless, the presence of organic compounds in the bioapatite may lead to a deterioration in its quality and may trigger an undesirable immune response. Therefore, procedures which ensure the elimination of organic compounds through bioapatite isolation are being subjected to intense investigation and the presence of remaining organic impurities is being determined through the application of various methods. Since current conclusions concerning the conditions suitable for the elimination of organic compounds remain ambiguous, we used the mass spectrometry-based proteomic approach in order to determine the presence of proteins or peptides in bioapatite samples treated under the most frequently employed conditions, i.e., the alkaline hydrothermal process and calcination at 500 °C.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/bms-927711.html  Since we also investigated the presence of proteins or peptides in treated bioapatite particles of differing sizes, we discovered that both calcination and the size of the bioapatite particles constitute the main factors influencing the presence of proteins or peptides in bioapatite. In fact, while intact proteins were detected even in calcinated bioapatite consisting of particles >250 µm, no proteins were detected in the same material consisting of particles less then 40 µm. Therefore, we recommend the use of powdered bioapatite for the preparation of artificial replacements since it is more effectively purified than apatite in the form of blocks. In addition, we observed that while alkaline hydrothermal treatment leads to the non-specific cleavage of proteins, it does not ensure the full degradation thereof.