0% of patients with actual muscle mass depletion and/or impaired muscle function would not have been selected for further nutritional evaluation. In contrast to muscle mass depletion, impaired muscle function was a significant predictor for 6-month decompensation-free (p = 0.006) and hospitalization-free (p = 0.003) survival, when adjusted for age and MELDNa score. CONCLUSIONS In our population the efficacy of a clinical screening tool for malnutrition was unsatisfactory. A detailed nutritional assessment is therefore recommended in all patients undergoing liver transplantation screening. Impaired muscle function might be clinically more relevant than muscle mass depletion, and muscle function testing should be considered an integral part of nutritional assessment in chronic liver disease. BACKGROUND AND AIMS Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent chronic psychiatric condition in children world wide. This study was aimed to provide an overview of food groups and dietary patterns in ADHD children as a systematic review. METHODS The relation between dietary patterns and this disorder was also investigated through meta-analysis. Databases including Google Scholar, SCOPUS, ISI Web of science, and PubMed were searched up to June 2017. Studies on posteriori derived dietary patterns and food intakes of ADHD children were included. The achieved Relative Risks (RR) and Odds Ratio (OR) were pooled together for ADHD to compare the most and the least adherence to major dietary patterns. The heterogeneity was assessed by Cochran's Q test and I-squared methods. RESULTS This systematic review consisted of 6 dietary patterns and 6 foods or macronutrients studies. In this regard, 6 dietary patterns studies (n 8816) were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled analysis established that "healthy" dietary pattern significantly decreased the risk of ADHD (OR 0·63; 95% CI 0·41, 0·96), whereas "Western" (OR 1.92; 95% CI 1.13, 3.26; p0.016) and "junk food" (OR 1.51; 95% CI 1.06, 2.16; p 0.024) dietary patterns increased it. CONCLUSIONS "Healthy" dietary pattern highly loaded with vegetables, fruits, legumes, and fish has decreased the odds of ADHD up to 37%. In addition, adherence to "junk food" pattern containing sweetened beverages and desserts as well as "Western" dietary pattern including red meat, refined grains, processed meats, and hydrogenated fat increased it. BACKGROUND & AIMS We aimed to investigate the effect of dark chocolate on flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) using randomized clinical trials. METHODS In order to find relevant papers, PubMed and Scopus were searched up to November 2018. Mean differences of eligible trials were pooled using random-effects models (the Der Simonian-Laird estimator). Subgroup analysis was conducted to assess the potential source of heterogeneity. Fractional polynomial modeling was used to explore dose-response relationships. RESULTS Seventeen studies involving 615 participants assessed the effect of dark chocolate and six included studies involving 179 participants investigated the effect of flavonoids on FMD. Chronic consumption of dark chocolate and flavan-3-ols both increased FMD (0.69, 95% CI 0.22-1.16, p  less then  0.001, 1.16, 95% CI 0.52-1.80 p = 0.001, respectively). Pooling chronic consumption of dark chocolate and flavonoids improved FMD (p  less then  0.001) with significant heterogeneity among studies (p  less then  0.001; I2 = 64.2%). Type of intervention (flavonoid or cocoa, p = 0.230-dark chocolate, p  less then  0.001) was a source of heterogeneity. Also, we found that acute consumption of dark chocolate (p  less then  0.001) and both dark chocolate and flavonoids (p  less then  0.001) had beneficial effects on FMD. Consumption of flavonoids more than 40 g/day increases FMD with the highest mean of FMD in doses around 40-60 g/day. A non-linear dose-response has been also found after the chronic consumption of dark chocolate on FMD with a greater reduction in doses lower than 20 g/day. CONCLUSION Current evidence indicated the beneficial effect of acute and chronic consumption of dark chocolate and flavonoids on FMD. Non-linear associations should be considered when investigating the effects of dietary intakes on FMD. BACKGROUND AND AIMS Excessive body fat accumulation is associated with adverse health effects; therefore its accurate and reliable assessment is of great significance. The aim of the study was to develop and validate an easy and applicable equation, based on bioelectrical impedance analysis, estimating fat free mass in Greek general population and compare it with those of the literature. METHODS Anthropometric and bioelectrical impedance parameters were obtained from 694 Greek adults (429 women and 265 men) so as to develop and validate the equation, using DXA as reference method. The validation and the reliability of the equation were examined with Bland-Altman analysis and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). RESULTS The developed prediction equation was FFM (kg) = 12.299 + (0.164 * Weight (kg)) + (7.287 * Gender (0female, 1male)) - (0.116 * Resistance (ohm)/Height (m)2) + (0.365 * Reactance (ohm)/Height (m)2) + (21.570 * Height (m)) (R2 = 0.944, p  less then  0.0001). Regarding the current population, the current equation presented the lowest bias (-0.069 kg, p = 0.707) and the highest ICC (0.985) compared to those of the literature. CONCLUSION The current prediction equation was found to be valid and reliable in a representative sample of the Caucasian Greek general population and its utilization for body composition assessment could be an alternative of using labor-intensive, expensive and time-consuming reference methods. BACKGROUND & AIMS Unhealthy dietary behaviours have been associated with poor sleep among adolescents in many developed countries; however, evidence is lacking from resource-limited settings. This study aimed to examine the associations of fast-food or carbonated soft drink consumption with anxiety-induced sleep disturbance among adolescents in Bangladesh. METHODS We analysed data from the 2014 Bangladesh Global School-based Student Health Survey.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ga-017.html  Data on past 12-month anxiety-induced sleep disturbance, and past 30-day carbonated soft drink and past 7-day fast-food consumption were collected. We used Poisson regression to examine the associations. RESULTS Data were available for 2742 adolescents aged 12-15 years (37% females). The prevalence of anxiety-induced sleep disturbance was 4.5%, while that of soft drink (≥3 times/day) and fast-food (≥3 days/past week) consumption were 17% and 26%, respectively. Multivariable analysis showed that adolescents who consumed carbonated soft drink ≥3 times/day had double the odds of reporting sleep disturbance than those who consumed  less then  once/day (OR 2.