Besides, the RI index was on a "high" risk level (120  less then  RI  less then  240) with an obvious spatial distinction. (3) The anthropogenic factors were the main sources for heavy metals, and mixed sources and natural sources were considered as the minor sources for metals. (4) The sources contributions for Co had obvious spatial heterogeneity in each park situated in four different urban planning districts.The effect of char addition on the digestion of animal by-products was evaluated as a way for enhancing the performance of the process. Two different types of carbonaceous materials were tested as carbon conductive elements to improve biological treatment. One was derived from a torrefaction process intended for increasing the energy density of lignocellulosic biomass, and the other was obtained from a hydrothermal carbonisation process. In this research, batch digestion systems of animal waste samples were evaluated at a volatile solid (VS) ratio of 11 inoculum-substrate (where the content of the substrate in the system was 1.69 ± 0.2 g). The system reported a baseline methane yield of 380 L CH4 kg VS-1 which increased on average to 470 L CH4 kg VS-1 following to the addition of char. The presence of char allowed a faster degradation of the lipid and protein material, reducing inhibitory interactions. The use of Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy was applied for elucidating the predetermination of the degradation process and bring an insight into the greater degradation potential attained when carbon materials are used for enhancing microbial performance.Petrochemical industries have been widely recognised as important emission sources of airborne contaminants including heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PAHs, which affect the quality of air, soil and vegetation. In this study, our aim was to examine the phytotoxicity and phytogenotoxicity of soils and air in the vicinity of a petrochemical plant, in order to assess the potential threat of such industrial objects for crops and natural vegetation, in the cases when the allowable concentrations of contaminants are not exceeded and the plants in the vicinity visually do not seem to be affected. For phytotoxicity and phytogenotoxicity assessment, the Phytotoxkit and respectively Vicia RTA and TRAD MCN bioassays were used. According to our results, in spite of relatively low content of heavy metals and PAHs (hardly any exceedance of standards), the phytotoxicity and especially phytogenotoxicity of soil samples collected up to 18 km from the refinery were detected by the bioindicators. The phytogenotoxicity of air was also indicated within the distance of up to 12 km. We concluded that to obtain the complete view of the environmental risks in a surveyed area, a combination of chemical analysis of environmental samples with the bioindication methods should be implemented. In addition, setting the acceptable levels of contaminants should involve a more extensive use of bioindication methods (especially genotoxicity assessment).At the end of 2015, the rupture of an iron ore tailings dam resulted in the standstill of a pelletizing plant in the city of Anchieta, southeastern Brazil. Despite the negative environmental impact due to the dam rupture, the pelletizing plant standstill has provided a valuable opportunity for the assessment of the changes in local air quality. This work presents a statistical analysis of the spatial and temporal patterns of PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, and O3, between 2012 and 2018, aiming to identify the trends in the air quality since the pelletizing plant standstill. This work also shows the analysis of the short-term and long-term exposures and the exceedances of the local air quality standards (AQS), as well as the study of the directional patterns of the pollutants associated with the prevailing winds. Since 2016, a meaningful improvement in the air quality of Anchieta was observed, coinciding with the pelletizing plant standstill. Since then, PM10 annual averages have decreased between 10 and 30%, while SO2 annual averages have decreased between 38 and 64%, depending on the monitoring station, which has led to a significant reduction in the exceedances of the AQS thresholds for these pollutants. Besides, the results suggest, qualitatively, a strong influence of the industrial emissions on the health of the Anchieta's population.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/rvx-208.html  The restart of the pelletizing plant production is expected in 2020; nevertheless, the results suggest the need for major improvements in the pollution control systems of the pelletizing plant before its resumption. Graphical abstract.Use of biodiesel in diesel engine helps to reduce HC, CO, and smoke emissions due to their enormous oxygen content, whereas NOx emissions formed by Zeldovich mechanism shoot up. Implementation of Bharat Stage (BS) VI by April 2020 in India has created extreme pressure on automobile manufacturers to include after treatment technology in their systems. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR), a NOx control technology, is operated using aqueous urea solution as the reductant. There are several parameters that need to be monitored to enhance the NOx conversion efficiency of SCR retrofit. The uniformity index of ammonia, which determines the conversion efficiency, is greatly influenced by parameters like exhaust gas temperature, injection angle, injector position, mass flow rate, and SCR geometry. This paper considers two types of SCR design, namely SCR with and without mixer design and their impact on NOx reduction. The effect of mass flow rate on urea conversion in SCR design without mixer is 27%, but the impact is reduced greatly in SCR design with mixer with less than 2% variation. The UI resulting from different cases ranges from 0.59 to 0.83. Using Taguchi technique and CFD tool, the impact of parameters on both the SCR designs has been investigated and the optimum SCR design is reported.This study investigated the performance of aerobic windrow systems by using coffee by-products and green waste to reduce gaseous emissions. Thereafter, a comparison with the current treatment and gaseous emissions at a Coffee Mill in Costa Rica was made. Two different studies where performed in Germany (pile I and II) and one study in a Coffee Mill in Costa Rica (pile III). Temperature, water content, and pH were the key parameters controlled over 35 days in all the systems. Moreover, CH4 emission rates were quantified by a FTIR and by a portable gas detector device where the emissions reached values 100 times higher when coffee by-products as a unique material for the composting process was used. Results show that highest emission rates during the composting process for pile I was 0.007 g(m2)-1 h-1, for pile II 0.006 g(m2)-1 h-1, and for pile III 3.1 g(m2)-1 h-1. It was found that CH4 emissions could be avoided if the mixture and the formation of the windrow piles were performed following the key parameter for composting, and the usage of additional material is used.