https://www.selleckchem.com/products/vy-3-135.html It is difficult to determine whether an immune response or target cell depletion by the infectious agent is most responsible for the control of acute primary infection. Both mechanisms can explain the basic dynamics of an acute infection-exponential growth of the pathogen followed by control and clearance-and can also be represented by many different differential equation models. Consequently, traditional model comparison techniques using time series data can be ambiguous or inconclusive. We propose that varying the inoculum dose and measuring the subsequent infectious load can rule out target cell depletion by the pathogen as the main control mechanism. Infectious load can be any measure that is proportional to the number of infected cells, such as viraemia. We show that a twofold or greater change in infectious load is unlikely when target cell depletion controls infection, regardless of the model details. Analyzing previously published data from mice infected with influenza, we find the proportion of lung epithelial cells infected was 21-fold greater (95% confidence interval 14-32) in the highest dose group than in the lowest. This provides evidence in favor of an alternative to target cell depletion, such as innate immunity, in controlling influenza infections in this experimental system. Data from other experimental animal models of acute primary infection have a similar pattern.Keratins derived from human hair have been suggested to be particularly effective in general surgical wound healing. However, the healing of a combined radiation-wound injury is a multifaceted regenerative process. Here, hydrogels fabricated with human hair keratins were used to test the wound healing effects on rats suffering from combined radiation-wound injuries. Briefly, the keratin extracts were verified by dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis and amino acid analysis, and the keratin hydrogels were then chara