001) and yield energy (139%, P=0.062) of the specimens. Meanwhile, temperature recordings of the bone surface showed that the areas close to the greater trochanter will be exposed to more critical temperature rise than the trochanteric crest and femoral neck areas.
 
  The new planning paradigm offers a more efficient injection strategy with injection volume of 9.1ml on average. Meanwhile, temperature recordings of bone surfaces suggest that risk of thermal necrosis remains as a concern with femoroplasty using Polymethylmethacrylate.
 The new planning paradigm offers a more efficient injection strategy with injection volume of 9.1 ml on average. Meanwhile, temperature recordings of bone surfaces suggest that risk of thermal necrosis remains as a concern with femoroplasty using Polymethylmethacrylate.Background Proximal junction kyphosis is a common clinical complication of posterior long-segment spinal fusion and vertebral body augmentation method is one of the effective approaches to prevent it. The purpose of this study was to explore the biomechanical effect of proximal junction kyphosis after posterior long-segment thoracolumbar fusion with different vertebral augmentation schemes using finite element analysis. Methods 3D nonlinear finite element models of T1-L5 spine posterior long-segment T8-L5 thoracolumbar fusion combined with T7, T8 and T7&T8 vertebral bone cement augmentation were constructed from human spine CT data and clinical surgical operation scheme to analyze the von Mises stress in the vertebrae, intervertebral discs pressure and pedicle screws system loads under the flexion, extension, lateral bending and axial rotation motion. Findings Compared with thoracolumbar posterior long-segment fusion model, T7 maximum stress in T7, T8 and T7&T8 vertebrae augmentation models were reduced by 8.64%, 7.17%, 8.51%;0.79%, -3.88%,1.67%;4.02%, 5.30%, 4.27% and 3.18%, 3.06%, -6.38% under the flexion, extension, lateral bending and axial rotation motion.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/pexidartinib-plx3397.html  T7/T8 intervertebral disc pressure in T7, T8, T7&T8 vertebral augmentation models were 36.71Mpa,29.78Mpa,36.47Mpa;22.25Mpa,18.35Mpa,22.06Mpa;84.27Mpa,68.17Mpa, 83.89Mpa and 52.23Mpa, 38.78Mpa,52.10Mpa under the same condition. The maximum stress 178.2Mpa of pedicle screws is mainly distributed at the root of screw. Interpretation Thoracolumbar posterior long-segment fusion with proximal double-segment vertebral augmentation should be recommended to prevent proximal junction kyphosis than single-segment augmentation. Simulation results can provide theoretical foundations and assist surgeons in selecting the appropriate operation scheme.
  Transparent facemask has been widely used for the prevention and treatment of facial hypertrophic scars all over the world. 3D printing has improved the fabrication accuracy of the traditional transparent facemasks. However, the pressure distribution pattern generated by the 3D-printed transparent facemasks has not been thoroughly investigated. The aim of this study is to develop a biomechanical model to simulate the pressure distribution of the 3D-printed transparent facemask, and to form the biomechanical basis to guide facemask design.
 
  A finite element model comprised of the head bones, the soft tissues of the face and the transparent facemask was established in ABAQUS CAE package. The contact pressure between the facemask and the face was simulated under 7 loading conditions. The calculated results from the model were validated through comparing with the experimental pressure measurements.
 
  The calculated results from the model well correlated with the experimental pressure measurements (P<0.05). The biomechanical model is acceptable for the prediction of interface pressure between the facemask and the face.
 
  The pressure distribution pattern showed the facial areas with thin soft tissues and bony prominence experienced concentrated pressure while areas with thick soft tissues received less or no pressure. Suggestions for future facemask design based on the biomechanical model is releasing the areas with concentrated pressure and indenting areas with insufficient pressure.
 The pressure distribution pattern showed the facial areas with thin soft tissues and bony prominence experienced concentrated pressure while areas with thick soft tissues received less or no pressure. Suggestions for future facemask design based on the biomechanical model is releasing the areas with concentrated pressure and indenting areas with insufficient pressure.
  Brachial plexus birth palsy remains a frequent condition and one of its treatments is to transfer the Latissimus Dorsi tendon to the infraspinatus muscle. The aim of this study was to analyse, for the first time, the three-dimensional kinematic effects of this operation on the upper limb joints during the five Mallet tasks and their correlation with clinical parameters.
 
  Kinematic analysis was performed using an electromagnetic device. An Index of Improvement taking into account the angle in preop and postop, the reproducibility and the angle of a control group was developed. Three groups of patients were analysed sixteen patients (mean 10,5 years) for the reproducibility, thirty children (mean 9,5 years) for the control group and ten patients (mean 8 years 7 months) who were operated.
 
  The humerothoracic and glenohumeral external rotations improved during the external rotation, the neck and the abduction tasks and worsened during the spine task. The glenohumeral external rotation worsened during the mouth task. The Humerothoracic abduction improved during the abduction and the neck tasks. The elbow flexion improved for the neck task. Differences were observed between patients and correlations were obtained between the Index of Improvement and clinical parameters.
 
  Using kinematics allows to better analyse the evolution of joint angles after the latissimus dorsi transfer. The Index of Improvement allows to quickly analyse the effect of the operation for each angle and each patient. This effect depends on clinical parameters.
 Using kinematics allows to better analyse the evolution of joint angles after the latissimus dorsi transfer. The Index of Improvement allows to quickly analyse the effect of the operation for each angle and each patient. This effect depends on clinical parameters.