The development of the complex clinical picture of motor and vocal tics in children and adolescents with Tourette syndrome (TS) must be paralleled by changes in the underlying pathophysiology. Electrophysiological methods such as EEG and event-related potentials (ERPs) are non-invasive, safe and easy to apply and thus seem to provide an adequate means to investigate brain dynamics during this brain maturational period. Also, electrophysiology is characterized by a high time resolution and can reflect motor, sensory and cognitive aspects as well as sleep behavior. Hence, this narrative review focuses on how electrophysiology echoes brain dynamics during development of youngsters with TS and might be useful for the treatment of tics. A comprehensive picture of developmental brain dynamics could be revealed showing that electrophysiological parameters evolve concurrently with clinical characteristics of TS. Specifically, evidence for a maturational delay of motor inhibition related to cortico-spinal hyper-excitability and brain mechanisms for its cognitive compensation could be shown. Moreover, deviant sleep parameters and probably a stronger perception-action binding were reported. For neuromodulatory treatments (e.g., neurofeedback; repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, rTMS/transcranial direct current stimulation, tDCS) targeting neuronal deficits and/or strengthening compensatory brain mechanisms, pilot studies support the possibility of positive effects regarding tic reduction. Finally, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), as a highly frequent co-existing disorder with TS, has to be considered when using and interpreting electrophysiological measures in TS. In conclusion, application of electrophysiology seems to be promising regarding clinical and research aspects in youngsters with TS.Background Local field potential (LFP) recordings helped to clarify the pathophysiology of Tourette syndrome (TS) and to define new strategies for deep brain stimulation (DBS) treatment for refractory TS, based on the delivery of stimulation in accordance with changes in the electrical activity of the DBS target area. However, there is little evidence on the relationship between LFP pattern and DBS outcomes in TS.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/lxs-196.html  Objective To investigate the relationship between LFP oscillations and DBS effects on tics and on obsessive compulsive behavior (OCB) comorbidities. Methods We retrospectively analyzed clinical data and LFP recordings from 17 patients treated with DBS of the centromedian-parafascicular/ventralis oralis (CM-Pf/VO) complex, and followed for more several years after DBS in the treating center. In these patients, LFPs were recorded either in the acute setting (3-5 days after DBS electrode implant) or in the chronic setting (during impulse generator replacement surgery). LFP oscillations were correlated of adaptive DBS strategies.Objective To explore the association between ultrasound parameters and previous ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke in patients with moyamoya disease (MMD), and develop an ultrasound-based nomogram to identify stroke in patients with MMD. Methods We prospectively enrolled 52 consecutive patients (92 hemispheres) with MMD at the Beijing Tiantan Hospital. Thirty-six patients (65 hemispheres) were assigned to the training dataset from September 2019 to February 2020, and 16 patients (27 hemispheres) were assigned to the validation dataset from March 2020 to July 2020. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was applied to identify ultrasound parameters associated with previous history of ipsilateral stroke in patients with MMD, and a nomogram was subsequently constructed to identify stroke in patients with MMD. The performance of the nomogram was evaluated with respect to discrimination, calibration, and clinical usefulness. Results Multivariate analysis indicated that the flow volume (FV) of the extracranial inter other independent cohorts. Clinical Trial Registration http//www.chictr.org.cn/index.aspx. Unique Identifier ChiCTR1900026075.Both allergic diseases and neurodevelopmental disorders are non-communicable diseases (NCDs) that not only impact on the quality of life and but also result in substantial economic burden. Immune dysregulation and inflammation are typical hallmarks in both allergic and neurodevelopmental disorders, suggesting converging pathophysiology. Epidemiological studies provided convincing evidence for the link between allergy and neurodevelopmental diseases such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Possible factors influencing the development of these disorders include maternal depression and anxiety, gestational diabetes mellitus, maternal allergic status, diet, exposure to environmental pollutants, microbiome dysbiosis, and sleep disturbances that occur early in life. Moreover, apart from inflammation, epigenetics, gene expression, and mitochondrial dysfunction have emerged as possible underlying mechanisms in the pathogenesis of these conditions. The exploration and understanding of these shared factors and possible mechanisms may enable us to elucidate the link in the comorbidity.Background Multiple sclerosis (MS), a disabling demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, is associated with cognitive impairment, spasticity, and fatigue. There are still no established guidelines on the management of MS-related sequela. Memantine has the potential to reduce glutamate toxicity, thereby reducing consequent cognitive impairment, spasticity, and fatigue. Objectives This study aims to determine the efficacy and safety of memantine in preventing cognitive impairment, reducing spasticity and fatigue, and controlling disability in MS patients through a review of relevant randomized trials. Methods MEDLINE, CENTRAL, Scopus, Embase, LILACS, ClinicalTrials.gov, and HERDIN were searched from inception to May 2020 for relevant trials. Results The search yielded 203 articles; four studies were included in the analysis. Pooled evidence shows that memantine compared with placebo does not significantly improve PASAT, ASS, MFIS, and EDSS scores of patients with MS. Memantine is associated with mild adverse drug events such as dizziness, fatigue, and anxiety.