The bile acids deoxycholic acid (DCA) and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), but not other bile acid species, exerted extremely rapid bactericidal properties against N. gonorrhoeae, reducing viability more than 100 000-fold after 1 min. The short-chain fatty acids formic acid and hexanoic acid shared this rapid bactericidal activity. All four molecules are effective against a phylogenetically diverse panel of N. gonorrhoeae strains, including clinical isolates with upregulated efflux pumps and resistance alleles to the most widely used classes of existing antimicrobials. DCA and CDCA are both approved therapeutics for non-infectious indications and are well-tolerated by cultured epithelial cells.
 
  DCA and CDCA are attractive candidates for further development as anti-gonococcal agents.
 DCA and CDCA are attractive candidates for further development as anti-gonococcal agents.Transbronchial microwave ablation for the treatment of lung nodules is gaining popularity. In the present case, transbronchial microwave ablation to a right middle lobe lesion was performed under electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy guidance. It was complicated with pneumothorax and persistent air leak despite chest drainage and chemical pleurodesis. A diagnosis of bronchopleural fistula was reached and an endobronchial valve was implanted to the middle lobe segmental bronchus with almost immediate cessation of air leak. Our case demonstrated that endobronchial valve is safe and effective in managing bronchopleural fistula after transbronchial microwave ablation.To maximise the grain yield of spring wheat, flowering needs to coincide with the optimal flowering period (OFP) by minimising frost and heat stress on reproductive development. This global study conducted a comprehensive modelling analysis of genotype, environment and management to identify the OFPs for sites in irrigated mega-environments (MEs) of spring wheat where the crop matures during a period of increasing temperatures. We used a gene-based phenology model to conduct long-term simulation analysis with parameterised genotypes to identify OFPs and optimal sowing dates for sites in irrigated MEs, considering the impacts of frost and heat stress on yield. The validation results showed that the gene-based model accurately predicted wheat heading dates across global wheat environments. The long-term simulations indicated that frost and heat stress significantly advanced or delayed OFPs and shrank the durations of OFPs in irrigated MEs when compared to OFPs where the model excluded frost and heat stress impacts. The simulation results (incorporating frost and heat penalties on yield) also showed that earlier flowering generally resulted in higher yields, and early sowing dates and/or early flowering genotypes were suggested to achieve early flowering. These results provided an interpretation of the regulation of wheat flowering to OFP by the selection of sowing date and cultivar to achieve higher yields in irrigated MEs.
  To date computer models with multiple assumptions have focused on predicting the incidence of symptomatic cases of COVID-19. Given emerging vaccines the aim of this study was to provide simple methods for estimating the hidden prevalence of asymptomatic cases and levels of herd immunity to aid future immunisation policy and planning. We applied the method in Ireland.
 
  For large scale epidemics, indirect models for estimating prevalence have been developed.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/marimastat.html  One such method is the benchmark multiplier method. A further method is back-calculation which has been used successfully to produce estimates of the scale of a HIV infected population. The methods were applied from March to October 2020 and are applicable globally.
 
  Results demonstrated that the number of infected individuals was at least twice and possibly six times the number identified through testing. Our estimates ranged from approximately 100,000 to 375,000 cases giving a ratio of 1 to 6 hidden cases for every known case within the study time frame. While both methods are subject to assumptions and limitations it was interesting to observe that estimates corroborated government statements noting that 80% of people testing positive were asymptomatic.
 
  As Europe has now endured several epidemic waves with the emergence globally of new variants, it essential that both policy makers and the public are aware of the scale of the hidden epidemic that may surround them. The need for social distancing is as important as ever as we await global immunisation rollout.
 As Europe has now endured several epidemic waves with the emergence globally of new variants, it essential that both policy makers and the public are aware of the scale of the hidden epidemic that may surround them. The need for social distancing is as important as ever as we await global immunisation rollout.
  Expanding resistance to multiple antimalarials, including chloroquine, in South-East Asia (SEA) urges the development of new therapies. AQ-13, a chloroquine derivative, is a new drug candidate for treating malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum.
 
  Possible cross-resistance between the 4-aminoquinolines amodiaquine, piperaquine and AQ-13 has not been assessed. In vitro parasite growth assays were used to characterize the susceptibility of multidrug-resistant and susceptible P. falciparum patient isolates to AQ-13.
 
  A [3H]hypoxanthine uptake assay and a 384-well high content imaging assay were used to assess efficacy of AQ-13 and desethyl-amodiaquine against 38 P. falciparum isolates.
 
  We observed a strong cross-resistance between the chloroquine derivative amodiaquine and AQ-13 in Cambodian P. falciparum isolates (Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.8621, P < 0.0001).
 
  In light of the poor efficacy of amodiaquine that we described recently in Cambodia, and its cross resistance with AQ-13, there is a significant risk that similar clinical efficacy of AQ-13-based combinations should be anticipated in areas of amodiaquine resistance.
 In light of the poor efficacy of amodiaquine that we described recently in Cambodia, and its cross resistance with AQ-13, there is a significant risk that similar clinical efficacy of AQ-13-based combinations should be anticipated in areas of amodiaquine resistance.