https://www.selleckchem.com/products/otx008.html Analytical methods for gut and pancreatic hormones were assessed and optimized. Concentrations of gut and pancreatic hormones were measured and used to compile ranges of expected values. Ranges of expected values were created for glucose, insulin, glucagon, GLP-1, GIP, PYY and free fatty acids in response to a standardized mixed liquid meal or OGTT. Intact proinsulin and C-peptide levels were also measured following the OGTT. These ranges of expected values can now be used to compare gut hormone concentrations between healthy individuals and patient groups. These ranges of expected values can now be used to compare gut hormone concentrations between healthy individuals and patient groups. This study was designed to prepare chrysophanol-loaded micelles (CLM) to improve the oral bioavailability, targetability and anti-chronic renal failure (CRF) activity of chrysophanol (CH). The preparation of CLM was achieved via thin-film dispersion technique. The release of CLM compared with free CH was measured in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) containing 0.5%w/v sodium dodecyl sulphate (pH 6.8) while the pharmacokinetic and anti-CRF activity study was also conducted in rats. Moreover, the tissue distribution of CLM was investigated in the mice. The CLM had particle size (PS) of 29.64 ± 0.71 nm, and encapsulation efficiency (EE) of 90.48 ± 1.22%w/w. The cumulative release rate of CH from the micellar system was significantly higher than that of the free CH (86%m/m 15%m/m,  < 0.01). showed that the bioavailability of CLM after oral administration was substantially improved (about 3.4 times) compared with free drugs (  < 0.01). Also, it was observed that CLM accumulated well in the liver and brain. Moreover, renal podocytes study showed that CLM had better protection against renal podocyte damage than the free CH. In addition, CLM significantly (  < 0.01) reduced levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), kidney injury molecule-1 (Kim-1),