https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Cisplatin.html CONCLUSIONS The TRA can be considered a safe alternative to the TFA for neurointerventional procedures in the pediatric population and provides potential advantages. However, as pediatric patients require special consideration due to their smaller-caliber arteries, routine use of ultrasound guidance is advised when attempting the TRA.Small-bowel obstruction (SBO) and volvulus as a result of ventriculoperitoneal shunting are a rare phenomenon, especially when resulting in bowel necrosis. The authors report the rare event of SBO, bowel strangulation, and necrosis in a pediatric patient after the abdominal catheter became knotted around his small bowel, and they provide a comprehensive review of the literature. The authors argue that shunt configuration is an important consideration for a patient presenting with SBO, and that symptomatic shunt knotting is a reason for surgical correction.OBJECTIVE Patients with trisomy 21 (Down syndrome; DS) often have atlantoaxial instability (AAI), which, if severe, causes myelopathy and neurological deterioration. Children with DS and AAI who undergo cervical spine fusion have a high rate of nonunion requiring revision surgery. Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) is a TGF-β growth factor that is used to induce bone formation in spine fusion. Although previous studies in the adult population have reported no reduction in pseudarthrosis rates with the use of rhBMP-2, there is a lack of literature in the pediatric DS population. This study describes the use of rhBMP-2 in children with DS and AAI during revision to treat nonunion. METHODS A retrospective review of a cervical spine fusion database (n = 175) was conducted. This database included all cervical spine fusions using modern instrumentation at the authors' institution from 2002 to 2019. Patients with DS who underwent a revision utilizing rhBMP-2 were included in the study. The numb series reporting the succ